Chapter 3

Question 1

beliefs

Answer 1

tenets or convictions that people hold to be true

Question 2

countercultures

Answer 2

groups that reject and oppose society’s widely accepted cultural patterns

Question 3

cultural universals

Answer 3

patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies

Question 4

culture

Answer 4

shared beliefs, values, and practices

Question 5

culture lag

Answer 5

the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture’s acceptance of it

Question 6

diffusion

Answer 6

the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another

Question 7

discoveries

Answer 7

things and ideas found from what already exists

Question 8

ethnocentrism

Answer 8

the evaluation and judgment of another culture based on one’s own cultural norms

Question 9

folkways

Answer 9

direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture

Question 10

formal norms

Answer 10

established, written rules

Question 11

globalization

Answer 11

the integration of international trade and finance markets

Question 12

high culture

Answer 12

the cultural patterns of a society’s elite

Question 13

ideal culture

Answer 13

the standards a society would like to embrace and live up to

Question 14

informal norms

Answer 14

casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to

Question 15

innovations

Answer 15

new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time

Question 16

inventions

Answer 16

a combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms

Question 17

language

Answer 17

a symbolic system of communication

Question 18

mores

Answer 18

the moral views and principles of a group

Question 19

norms

Answer 19

the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured

Question 20

popular culture

Answer 21

mainstream, widespread patterns among a society’s population

Question 22

real culture

Answer 22

the way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists

Question 23

sanctions

Answer 23

a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors

Question 24

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Answer 24

the way that people understand the world based on their form of language

Question 25

social control

Answer 25

a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms

Question 26

society

Answer 26

people who live in a definable community and who share a culture

Question 27

subcultures

Answer 27

groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society’s majority, even as the members exist within a larger society

Question 28

symbols

Answer 28

gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture

Question 29

values

Answer 29

a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society