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Chapter 29 - Evolutionary Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

This is a heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species from one generation to the next

A

Biological evolution

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

This is relatively large change in form and function that is sufficient to produce new species and higher taxa

A

Macroevolution

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4
Q

This refers to the molecular changes in genetic material that underlie the phenotypic changes associated with evolution

A

Molecular evolution

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5
Q

Molecular data can provide information about these relationships

A

Phylogenetic relationships

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6
Q

This field of evolution integrates molecular genetics and how it affects traits in profound ways

A

Molecular evolution

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7
Q

What were the three important influences that helped Charles Darwin develop his theory of evolution?

A
  1. Theories of geology; 2. Experimental observations; 3. “Essay on the Principle of Population” by Thomas Malthus
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8
Q

What did Thomas Malthus assert with his “Essay on the Principle of Population”?

A

That resources cannot keep up with the reproductive potential of humans

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9
Q

When did Thomas Malthus write “Essay on the Principle of Population”?

A

1798

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10
Q

Who wrote “Essay on the Principle of Population” in 1798?

A

Thomas Malthus

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11
Q

This naturalist working in the East Indies independently proposed ideas concerning evolution that were similar to Darwin’s

A

Alfred Wallace

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12
Q

In what year did Darwin and Wallace both publish papers in the Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of London?

A

1858

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13
Q

In what year did Darwin publish On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

A

1859

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14
Q

What did Darwin call his theory of evolution?

A

“Theory of descent with modification through variation and natural selection”

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15
Q

Darwin’s theory of evolution is based on these two important principles

A

Genetic variation and natural selection

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16
Q

This is a consistent genetic feature of most natural populations

A

Genetic variation

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17
Q

Did Darwin know the genetic basis for inheritance of traits from parent to offspring?

A

No

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18
Q

At the microevolutionary level, genetic variation can involve these three things

A
  1. Allelic differences in genes; 2. Effect on function of proteins by different alleles; 3. Changes in chromosome number/structure that affect how genes are expressed
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19
Q

Do most species produce many more offspring than survive and reproduce?

A

Yes

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20
Q

This is the ultimate result of natural selection

A

A species better adapted to its environment/more efficient at reproduction

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21
Q

At the microevolutionary level, some alleles may encode proteins that provide an individual with this

A

Selective advantage

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22
Q

This is a group of organisms that maintains a distinctive set of attributes in nature

A

Species

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23
Q

When differences between populations are significant, but not enough to warrant classification as different species, they are classified as these

A

Subspecies

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24
Q

Bacterial species can be subdivided into these, each adapted to its local environment

A

Ecotype

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25
What are five types of characteristics used to distinguish species?
1. Physical/morphological traits; 2. Ability to interbreed; 3. Molecular features; 4. Evolutionary relationships; 5. Ecological factors
26
What are three reasons why it can be problematic to use morphological traits to define species?
1. Difficult to decide which specific traits to use; 2. Quantitative traits - like size and weight - can vary widely between individuals of a same species; 3. Individuals of different species can look very similar
27
In the late 1920s, this scientist proposed that species have reproductive isolation from other species
Theodosius Dobzhansky
28
This scientist expanded on Dobzhansky's work and proposed the biological species concept
Ernst Mayr
29
What is a species, according to the biological species concept?
A group of individuals whose members can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring
30
What are two mechanisms to achieve reproductive isolation?
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms and postzygotic isolating mechanisms
31
What are four problems with using reproductive isolation to define a species?
1. Nonoverlapping geography may prevent members of the same species from mating; 2. Species may be capable of mating in the wild but maintain distinct characteristics; 3. Does not apply to asexual species; 4. Cannot be applied to extinct species
32
What are four genetic characteristics that evolutionary biologists compare?
1. DNA sequences within genes; 2. Gene order along chromosomes; 3. Chromosome structure; 4. Chromosome number
33
What is a problem with using gene sequences and other genetic evidence in determining a species?
Can be difficult to decide what the cutoff is when sequences are nearly identical
34
What are three examples of ecological factors that could influence speciation?
1. Where different species forage; 2. What resources different species use; 3. Growth conditions
35
This is a way to define what a species is and/or provide an approach for distinguishing one species from another
Species concept
36
In what year did Ernst Mayr propose the biological species concept?
1942
37
Ernst Mayr proposed this species concept in 1942
Biological species concept
38
Who proposed the evolutionary species concept in 1961?
George Simpson
39
In what year did George Simpson propose the evolutionary species concept?
1961
40
George Simpson proposed this species concept in 1961
Evolutionary species concept
41
Who proposed the ecological species concept in 1976?
Leigh Van Valen
42
In what year did Leigh Van Valen propose the ecological species concept
1976
43
Leigh Van Valen proposed this species concept in 1976
Ecological species concept
44
How is a species defined in the evolutionary species concept?
Based on separate evolution of lineages
45
How is a species defined in the ecological species concept?
By ecological niche
46
Who proposed the general lineage concept in 1998?
Kevin de Queiroz
47
Kevin de Queiroz proposed this species concept in 1998
General lineage concept
48
In what year did Kevin de Queiroz propose the general lineage concept?
1998
49
How is a species defined in the general lineage concept?
Each species is a population of an independently evolving lineage
50
According to the general lineage concept, each species has evolved from this
Specific series of ancestors
51
What are four criteria used to determine if a given population is part of an independent evolutionary lineage in the general lineage concept?
1. Morphology; 2. Reproductive isolation; 3. DNA sequence; 4. Ecology
52
This is the formation of new species via evolution
Speciation
53
What are the two types of speciation?
Anagenesis and cladogenesis
54
In this type of speciation, a single species is transformed into a different species over the course of many generations
Anagenesis
55
In this type of speciation, a single species is divided into two or more species
Cladogenesis
56
Which type of speciation is the most common?
Cladogenesis
57
What are the three types of cladogenesis?
Allopatric, parapatric, sympatric
58
In this type of cladogenesis, geographical barriers separate two or more populations
Allopatric
59
In this type of cladogenesis, incomplete geographic barriers separate two or more populations
Parapatric
60
In this type of cladogenesis, populations diverge into two or more species in the same geographical area
Sympatric
61
Which type of cladogenesis speciation is the most prevalent way for a species to diverge?
Allopatric speciation
62
What are two common causes of allopatric speciation?
Geological processes and founder effect
63
This is when a small group migrates to a new location that is genetically separated from the main population and, in a relatively short period of time, may evolve into a new species
Founder effect
64
This may lead to rapid fixation of certain alleles and elimination of others in speciation by founder effect
Genetic drift
65
When a small group migrates to a new environment, this is likely to be changed
Adaptive landscape
66
What are two different mechanisms of parapatric speciation?
1. Partial separation by geological processes; 2. Distance between groups of sedentary species
67
Prior to parapatric speciation, the zones where two populations can interbreed are called this
Hybrid zones
68
For parapatric speciation to occur, offspring produced in this zone must be selected against
Hybrid zone
69
What is a way for two parapatric populations to produce offspring in the hybrid zone that are selected against?
Accumulation of different chromosomal rearrangements, such as inversions and balanced translocations - hybrids resulting with one normal and one abnormal chromosome will be substantially less fertile
70
In plants, a common way for sympatric speciation to occur is the formation of these
Polyploids
71
Is polyploidy a frequent and major form of speciation in plants?
Yes
72
Is polyploidy a common form of speciation in animals?
No
73
Will breeding two species of polyploid plants likely result in sterile offspring?
Yes
74
In animals, the formation of a polyploid can abruptly lead to this
Reproductive isolation

Genetics (11 decks)

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