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Chapter 29 - Evolutionary Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

This is a heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species from one generation to the next

A

Biological evolution

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

This is relatively large change in form and function that is sufficient to produce new species and higher taxa

A

Macroevolution

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4
Q

This refers to the molecular changes in genetic material that underlie the phenotypic changes associated with evolution

A

Molecular evolution

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5
Q

Molecular data can provide information about these relationships

A

Phylogenetic relationships

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6
Q

This field of evolution integrates molecular genetics and how it affects traits in profound ways

A

Molecular evolution

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7
Q

What were the three important influences that helped Charles Darwin develop his theory of evolution?

A
  1. Theories of geology; 2. Experimental observations; 3. “Essay on the Principle of Population” by Thomas Malthus
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8
Q

What did Thomas Malthus assert with his “Essay on the Principle of Population”?

A

That resources cannot keep up with the reproductive potential of humans

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9
Q

When did Thomas Malthus write “Essay on the Principle of Population”?

A

1798

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10
Q

Who wrote “Essay on the Principle of Population” in 1798?

A

Thomas Malthus

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11
Q

This naturalist working in the East Indies independently proposed ideas concerning evolution that were similar to Darwin’s

A

Alfred Wallace

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12
Q

In what year did Darwin and Wallace both publish papers in the Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of London?

A

1858

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13
Q

In what year did Darwin publish On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

A

1859

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14
Q

What did Darwin call his theory of evolution?

A

“Theory of descent with modification through variation and natural selection”

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15
Q

Darwin’s theory of evolution is based on these two important principles

A

Genetic variation and natural selection

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16
Q

This is a consistent genetic feature of most natural populations

A

Genetic variation

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17
Q

Did Darwin know the genetic basis for inheritance of traits from parent to offspring?

A

No

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18
Q

At the microevolutionary level, genetic variation can involve these three things

A
  1. Allelic differences in genes; 2. Effect on function of proteins by different alleles; 3. Changes in chromosome number/structure that affect how genes are expressed
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19
Q

Do most species produce many more offspring than survive and reproduce?

A

Yes

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20
Q

This is the ultimate result of natural selection

A

A species better adapted to its environment/more efficient at reproduction

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21
Q

At the microevolutionary level, some alleles may encode proteins that provide an individual with this

A

Selective advantage

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22
Q

This is a group of organisms that maintains a distinctive set of attributes in nature

A

Species

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23
Q

When differences between populations are significant, but not enough to warrant classification as different species, they are classified as these

A

Subspecies

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24
Q

Bacterial species can be subdivided into these, each adapted to its local environment

A

Ecotype

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25
Q

What are five types of characteristics used to distinguish species?

A
  1. Physical/morphological traits; 2. Ability to interbreed; 3. Molecular features; 4. Evolutionary relationships; 5. Ecological factors
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26
Q

What are three reasons why it can be problematic to use morphological traits to define species?

A
  1. Difficult to decide which specific traits to use; 2. Quantitative traits - like size and weight - can vary widely between individuals of a same species; 3. Individuals of different species can look very similar
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27
Q

In the late 1920s, this scientist proposed that species have reproductive isolation from other species

A

Theodosius Dobzhansky

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28
Q

This scientist expanded on Dobzhansky’s work and proposed the biological species concept

A

Ernst Mayr

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29
Q

What is a species, according to the biological species concept?

A

A group of individuals whose members can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring

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30
Q

What are two mechanisms to achieve reproductive isolation?

A

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms and postzygotic isolating mechanisms

31
Q

What are four problems with using reproductive isolation to define a species?

A
  1. Nonoverlapping geography may prevent members of the same species from mating; 2. Species may be capable of mating in the wild but maintain distinct characteristics; 3. Does not apply to asexual species; 4. Cannot be applied to extinct species
32
Q

What are four genetic characteristics that evolutionary biologists compare?

A
  1. DNA sequences within genes; 2. Gene order along chromosomes; 3. Chromosome structure; 4. Chromosome number
33
Q

What is a problem with using gene sequences and other genetic evidence in determining a species?

A

Can be difficult to decide what the cutoff is when sequences are nearly identical

34
Q

What are three examples of ecological factors that could influence speciation?

A
  1. Where different species forage; 2. What resources different species use; 3. Growth conditions
35
Q

This is a way to define what a species is and/or provide an approach for distinguishing one species from another

A

Species concept

36
Q

In what year did Ernst Mayr propose the biological species concept?

37
Q

Ernst Mayr proposed this species concept in 1942

A

Biological species concept

38
Q

Who proposed the evolutionary species concept in 1961?

A

George Simpson

39
Q

In what year did George Simpson propose the evolutionary species concept?

40
Q

George Simpson proposed this species concept in 1961

A

Evolutionary species concept

41
Q

Who proposed the ecological species concept in 1976?

A

Leigh Van Valen

42
Q

In what year did Leigh Van Valen propose the ecological species concept

43
Q

Leigh Van Valen proposed this species concept in 1976

A

Ecological species concept

44
Q

How is a species defined in the evolutionary species concept?

A

Based on separate evolution of lineages

45
Q

How is a species defined in the ecological species concept?

A

By ecological niche

46
Q

Who proposed the general lineage concept in 1998?

A

Kevin de Queiroz

47
Q

Kevin de Queiroz proposed this species concept in 1998

A

General lineage concept

48
Q

In what year did Kevin de Queiroz propose the general lineage concept?

49
Q

How is a species defined in the general lineage concept?

A

Each species is a population of an independently evolving lineage

50
Q

According to the general lineage concept, each species has evolved from this

A

Specific series of ancestors

51
Q

What are four criteria used to determine if a given population is part of an independent evolutionary lineage in the general lineage concept?

A
  1. Morphology; 2. Reproductive isolation; 3. DNA sequence; 4. Ecology
52
Q

This is the formation of new species via evolution

A

Speciation

53
Q

What are the two types of speciation?

A

Anagenesis and cladogenesis

54
Q

In this type of speciation, a single species is transformed into a different species over the course of many generations

A

Anagenesis

55
Q

In this type of speciation, a single species is divided into two or more species

A

Cladogenesis

56
Q

Which type of speciation is the most common?

A

Cladogenesis

57
Q

What are the three types of cladogenesis?

A

Allopatric, parapatric, sympatric

58
Q

In this type of cladogenesis, geographical barriers separate two or more populations

A

Allopatric

59
Q

In this type of cladogenesis, incomplete geographic barriers separate two or more populations

A

Parapatric

60
Q

In this type of cladogenesis, populations diverge into two or more species in the same geographical area

61
Q

Which type of cladogenesis speciation is the most prevalent way for a species to diverge?

A

Allopatric speciation

62
Q

What are two common causes of allopatric speciation?

A

Geological processes and founder effect

63
Q

This is when a small group migrates to a new location that is genetically separated from the main population and, in a relatively short period of time, may evolve into a new species

A

Founder effect

64
Q

This may lead to rapid fixation of certain alleles and elimination of others in speciation by founder effect

A

Genetic drift

65
Q

When a small group migrates to a new environment, this is likely to be changed

A

Adaptive landscape

66
Q

What are two different mechanisms of parapatric speciation?

A
  1. Partial separation by geological processes; 2. Distance between groups of sedentary species
67
Q

Prior to parapatric speciation, the zones where two populations can interbreed are called this

A

Hybrid zones

68
Q

For parapatric speciation to occur, offspring produced in this zone must be selected against

A

Hybrid zone

69
Q

What is a way for two parapatric populations to produce offspring in the hybrid zone that are selected against?

A

Accumulation of different chromosomal rearrangements, such as inversions and balanced translocations - hybrids resulting with one normal and one abnormal chromosome will be substantially less fertile

70
Q

In plants, a common way for sympatric speciation to occur is the formation of these

A

Polyploids

71
Q

Is polyploidy a frequent and major form of speciation in plants?

72
Q

Is polyploidy a common form of speciation in animals?

73
Q

Will breeding two species of polyploid plants likely result in sterile offspring?

74
Q

In animals, the formation of a polyploid can abruptly lead to this

A

Reproductive isolation

Genetics (11 decks)

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