Chapter 29 Development, Pregnancy and Heredity Flashcards
The prenatal period refers to:
a) The time from conception to birth
b) The time from implantation to birth
c) The time from fertilization to birth
d) The time from organogenesis to birth
c) The time from fertilization to birth
Fertilization is defined as:
a) The fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote
b) The implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall
c) The development of the placenta and umbilical cord
d) The differentiation of the three germ layers
a) The fusion of sperm and egg to form a zygote
Which of the following events occurs first in the pre-embryonic period?
a) Blastocyst formation
b) Cleavage divisions
c) Implantation
d) Formation of the morula
b) Cleavage divisions
Implantation occurs:
a) Immediately after fertilization
b) Within a few hours after fertilization
c) Within a few days after fertilization
d) Within a week after fertilization
c) Within a few days after fertilization
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) produced by the syncytiotrophoblast is significant because:
a) It promotes the development of the placenta
b) It stimulates uterine contractions during labor
c) It maintains the integrity of the amniotic sac
d) It initiates fetal movements
a) It promotes the development of the placenta
The bilaminar germinal disc consists of:
a) Ectoderm and endoderm
b) Ectoderm and mesoderm
c) Mesoderm and endoderm
d) Mesoderm and trophectoderm
a) Ectoderm and endoderm
The three extraembryonic membranes are:
a) Amnion, chorion, and yolk sac
b) Amnion, allantois, and yolk sac
c) Chorion, allantois, and yolk sac
d) Amnion, chorion, and allantois
d) Amnion, chorion, and allantois
The placenta has both maternal and fetal portions. The maternal portion is composed of:
a) Syncytiotrophoblast cells
b) Amniotic fluid
c) Fetal blood vessels
d) Chorionic villi
a) Syncytiotrophoblast cells
The main functions of the placenta include:
a) Nutrient and gas exchange, waste removal, and hormone production
b) Hormone production, fetal movement, and immune protection
c) Oxygen supply, blood circulation, and nutrient storage
d) Immune protection, waste removal, and fetal movement
a) Nutrient and gas exchange, waste removal, and hormone production
Gastrulation is the process of:
a) Formation of the three primary germ layers
b) Development of the placenta
c) Formation of the neural tube
d) Differentiation of the extraembryonic membranes
a) Formation of the three primary germ layers
Cephalocaudal folding refers to:
a) Folding of the embryo from head to tail
b) Folding of the embryo from side to side
c) Formation of the neural tube
d) Development of the placenta
a) Folding of the embryo from head to tail
The fetal period is defined as:
a) The period from fertilization to implantation
b) The period from implantation to birth
c) The period of organ development and growth after the embryonic period
d) The period of rapid cell division and differentiation before implantation
c) The period of organ development and growth after the embryonic period
The second trimester of pregnancy is characterized by:
a) Rapid fetal growth and increased maternal weight gain
b) Morning sickness and fatigue
c) Formation of the placenta and major organ development
d) Decreased maternal blood pressure and increased maternal blood volume
a) Rapid fetal growth and increased maternal weight gain
Progesterone, estrogen, and other hormones during pregnancy have effects on the body such as:
a) Relaxation of uterine smooth muscle and increased blood flow to the uterus
b) Suppression of the immune system and increased risk of infection
c) Stimulation of milk production and contraction of mammary glands
d) Increased metabolic rate and weight loss
a) Relaxation of uterine smooth muscle and increased blood flow to the uterus
Changes to the digestive system during pregnancy include:
a) Increased appetite and decreased nutrient absorption
b) Decreased appetite and increased nutrient absorption
c) Increased stomach acidity and decreased nutrient absorption
d) Decreased stomach acidity and increased nutrient absorption
d) Decreased stomach acidity and increased nutrient absorption
Changes to the cardiovascular system during pregnancy include:
a) Increased blood pressure and decreased blood volume
b) Decreased blood pressure and increased blood volume
c) Increased heart rate and decreased blood flow to the uterus
d) Decreased heart rate and increased blood flow to the uterus
b) Decreased blood pressure and increased blood volume
Changes to the respiratory system during pregnancy include:
a) Increased respiratory rate and decreased oxygen consumption
b) Decreased respiratory rate and increased oxygen consumption
c) Increased lung capacity and decreased carbon dioxide elimination
d) Decreased lung capacity and increased carbon dioxide elimination
c) Increased lung capacity and decreased carbon dioxide elimination
The first trimester of pregnancy is characterized by:
a) Rapid fetal growth and development
b) Formation of major organs and systems
c) Maternal weight gain and increased blood volume
d) Implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall
b) Formation of major organs and systems
Progesterone, estrogen, and other hormones during pregnancy have effects on the body such as:
a) Relaxation of uterine smooth muscle and increased blood flow to the uterus
b) Suppression of the immune system and increased risk of infection
c) Stimulation of milk production and contraction of mammary glands
d) Increased metabolic rate and weight loss
a) Relaxation of uterine smooth muscle and increased blood flow to the uterus
Changes to the uterus during pregnancy include:
a) Increased size and thickening of the uterine wall
b) Decreased blood flow and reduced uterine contractions
c) Enlargement of the cervix and increased cervical mucus production
d) Expansion of the fallopian tubes and increased egg production
a) Increased size and thickening of the uterine wall
Changes to the mammary gland during pregnancy include:
a) Increased production of milk and development of milk ducts
b) Decreased blood flow and reduced milk production
c) Enlargement of the nipples and increased sensitivity
d) Expansion of the milk sinuses and increased storage capacity
a) Increased production of milk and development of milk ducts
Changes to the digestive system during pregnancy include:
a) Increased appetite and decreased nutrient absorption
b) Decreased appetite and increased nutrient absorption
c) Slowed digestion and increased risk of constipation
d) Enhanced taste perception and reduced food craving
c) Slowed digestion and increased risk of constipation
Nutrient and metabolic processes during pregnancy are characterized by:
a) Increased nutrient storage in the liver and enhanced metabolic rate
b) Decreased nutrient absorption and reduced metabolic demands
c) Increased nutrient transfer to the fetus and altered glucose metabolism
d) Decreased nutrient utilization and elevated levels of waste products
c) Increased nutrient transfer to the fetus and altered glucose metabolism
Changes to the cardiovascular system during pregnancy include:
a) Decreased blood volume and reduced cardiac output
b) Increased blood pressure and elevated red blood cell production
c) Enlargement of the heart and decreased blood flow to the placenta
d) Enhanced venous return and increased risk of blood clots
b) Increased blood pressure and elevated red blood cell production
Respiratory changes during pregnancy involve:
a) Increased oxygen consumption and decreased lung capacity
b) Reduced respiratory rate and increased carbon dioxide retention
c) Enlarged lung volume and enhanced gas exchange efficiency
d) Elevated risk of respiratory infections and reduced lung compliance
c) Enlarged lung volume and enhanced gas exchange efficiency
Urinary system changes during pregnancy include:
a) Decreased kidney function and increased urine production
b) Reduced bladder capacity and elevated risk of urinary tract infections
c) Enlarged kidney size and increased filtration rate
d) Altered electrolyte balance and decreased fluid reabsorption
c) Enlarged kidney size and increased filtration rate
Hormonal changes after delivery involve:
a) Decreased estrogen and progesterone levels
b) Increased prolactin and oxytocin secretion
c) Suppression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
d) Elevated cortisol and growth hormone production
a) Decreased estrogen and progesterone levels
Blood volume and fluid changes after delivery include:
a) Increased blood volume and reduced fluid retention
b) Decreased blood volume and increased fluid retention
c) Normalization of blood volume and reduced fluid balance
d) Elevated blood pressure and decreased fluid output
b) Decreased blood volume and increased fluid retention
Lactation after delivery involves:
a) Inhibition of milk production by prolactin and oxytocin
b) Release of colostrum as the first milk secretion
c) Suppression of milk ejection by oxytocin
d) Initiation of breastfeeding at least 6 months after delivery
b) Release of colostrum as the first milk secretion
Changes to the uterus after delivery include:
a) Rapid involution and restoration of its pre-pregnancy size
b) Continued enlargement and increased blood flow
c) Formation of scar tissue and decreased contractility
d) Enhanced susceptibility to infections and delayed healing
a) Rapid involution and restoration of its pre-pregnancy size
Maternal hormones after delivery undergo:
a) Gradual decrease in levels over several weeks
b) Abrupt cessation of hormone production
c) Sustained elevation for up to a year
d) Irregular fluctuations without a distinct pattern
a) Gradual decrease in levels over several weeks
