Chapter 27 Nutrition and Metabolism 2.0 Flashcards
Which type of nutrients are essential in small quantities and include vitamins and minerals?
A) Macronutrients
B) Micronutrients
C) Essential nutrients
D) Non-essential nutrients
B) Micronutrients
Which nutrients must be obtained from the diet and are responsible for metabolism and tissue/organ functioning?
A) Macronutrients
B) Micronutrients
C) Essential nutrients
D) Non-essential nutrients
C) Essential nutrients
What do RDAs stand for in the context of nutrition?
A) Recommended Dietary Allocations
B) Required Daily Amounts
C) Recommended Daily Allowances
D) Recommended Nutrient Intakes
C) Recommended Daily Allowances
Which of the following is a role of cholesterol in the body?
A) Energy production
B) Formation of cell membrane components
C) Regulation of blood sugar levels
D) Transport of oxygen in the blood
B) Formation of cell membrane components
Which of the following conditions may lead to an increased requirement of dietary protein?
A) Sedentary lifestyle
B) Healthy aging
C) Pregnancy
D) Low body weight
C) Pregnancy
Which of the following types of proteins contains all essential amino acids?
A) Complete proteins
B) Incomplete proteins
C) Animal proteins
D) Plant proteins
A) Complete proteins
Which state is characterized by increased blood concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, and amino acids after a meal?
A) Fasting state
B) Absorptive state
C) Postprandial state
D) Metabolic state
B) Absorptive state
How long does the absorptive state typically last after a meal?
A) 1 hour
B) 2 hours
C) 4 hours
D) 8 hours
C) 4 hours
What hormone is released from the pancreas to maintain homeostatic blood glucose levels during the absorptive state?
A) Glucagon
B) Insulin
C) Epinephrine
D) Cortisol
B) Insulin
During which state does the body rely on stored nutrients?
A) Fasting state
B) Absorptive state
C) Postprandial state
D) Metabolic state
A) Fasting state
What hormone is released during the fasting state in response to decreased blood glucose levels?
A) Glucagon
B) Insulin
C) Epinephrine
D) Cortisol
A) Glucagon
Which state does not involve the breakdown of structural and functional proteins to regulate blood glucose levels?
A) Fasting state
B) Absorptive state
C) Postprandial state
D) Metabolic state
B) Absorptive state
What happens to cholesterol synthesis in the liver when there is a low dietary intake of cholesterol?
A) It increases
B) It decreases
C) It remains unchanged
D) It fluctuates
A) It increases
What is the effect of high dietary intake of cholesterol on blood cholesterol levels?
A) It decreases blood cholesterol levels
B) It increases blood cholesterol levels
C) It has no effect on blood cholesterol levels
D) It fluctuates blood cholesterol levels
B) It increases blood cholesterol levels
How does the liver adjust cholesterol synthesis when there is a high dietary intake of cholesterol?
A) It increases cholesterol synthesis
B) It decreases cholesterol synthesis
C) It maintains cholesterol synthesis at a constant level
D) It fluctuates cholesterol synthesis
B) It decreases cholesterol synthesis
What is the main reason for combining lipids and proteins to form lipoproteins?
A) To increase solubility in blood
B) To decrease solubility in blood
C) To enhance lipid absorption
D) To facilitate protein synthesis
A) To increase solubility in blood
Which lipoprotein category has the highest percentage of lipids?
A) Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
B) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
C) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
D) Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs)
A) Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
What is the primary function of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)?
A) Transport lipids from liver to peripheral tissues
B) Transport lipids from peripheral tissues to liver
C) Store excess lipids in adipose tissues
D) Metabolize dietary lipids
B) Transport lipids from peripheral tissues to liver
Which organ is responsible for regulating glucose concentrations in the body?
A) Pancreas
B) Liver
C) Kidney
D) Adrenal glands
B) Liver
What are the two main processes involved in protein metabolism occurring in the liver?
A) Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
B) Deamination and transamination
C) Lipolysis and beta-oxidation
D) Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
B) Deamination and transamination
Which process in lipid metabolism involves the synthesis of triglycerides and lipid formation?
A) Lipolysis
B) Beta-oxidation
C) Lipid acquisition
D) Storage
D) Storage
Which process is responsible for the formation of 2 pyruvate molecules from glucose?
A) Glycolysis
B) Gluconeogenesis
C) Beta-oxidation
D) Krebs cycle
A) Glycolysis
What is the product of glucose metabolism in the absence of sufficient oxygen?
A) Pyruvate
B) Lactate
C) Acetyl CoA
D) Urea
B) Lactate
Which metabolic pathway converts glycerol into glucose?
A) Glycolysis
B) Gluconeogenesis
C) Beta-oxidation
D) Krebs cycle
B) Gluconeogenesis
Which process is responsible for generating ATP through the oxidation of nutrient biomolecules?
A) Glycolysis
B) Cellular respiration
C) Gluconeogenesis
D) Lipogenesis
B) Cellular respiration
What is the main purpose of the metabolic pathways involved in cellular respiration?
A) Synthesis of biomolecules
B) Storage of nutrients
C) Generation of ATP
D) Elimination of waste products
C) Generation of ATP
Which method of calculating basal metabolic rate (BMR) involves the direct measurement of heat released from the body?
A) Calorimeter
B) Respirometer
C) Oxygen consumption
D) Surface area calculation
A) Calorimeter
What does total metabolic rate (TMR) include in addition to basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
A) Heat production
B) Physical exercise metabolism
C) Respiratory rate
D) Surface area calculation
B) Physical exercise metabolism
What is the main goal in regulating core body temperature?
A) Maintaining temperature in peripheral areas
B) Minimizing temperature variations in vital body parts
C) Allowing temperature variations in peripheral areas
D) Balancing heat production and heat loss
B) Minimizing temperature variations in vital body parts
How is core body temperature regulated in relation to peripheral areas?
A) By maintaining constant temperature in peripheral areas
B) By allowing temperature variations in peripheral areas
C) By increasing blood flow to peripheral areas
D) By reducing blood flow to peripheral areas
B) By allowing temperature variations in peripheral areas
Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling body temperature?
A) Cerebellum
B) Hypothalamus
C) Frontal lobe
D) Occipital lobe
B) Hypothalamus
What response is initiated by the hypothalamus to cool down the body during an increase in metabolic rate?
A) Sweating and vasodilation
B) Shivering and vasoconstriction
C) Decreased heart rate
D) Constriction of sweat glands
A) Sweating and vasodilation
Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus to regulate body temperature?
A) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
B) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
C) Growth hormone (GH)
D) Insulin
B) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
