Chapter 24 Urinary System 2.0

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT one of the layers of the filtration membrane?

A) Endothelium of the glomerulus
B) Basement membrane of the glomerulus
C) Visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
D) Parietal layer of the glomerular capsule

Answer 1

D) Parietal layer of the glomerular capsule

Question 2

Which layer of the filtration membrane ensures that large molecules remain in the capillaries of the glomerulus?

A) Basement membrane of the glomerulus
B) Visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
C) Endothelium of the glomerulus
D) Parietal layer of the glomerular capsule

Answer 2

C) Endothelium of the glomerulus

Question 3

The basement membrane of the glomerulus is composed of which substances that selectively allow small substances to pass while blocking large substances?

A) Collagen fibers
B) Glycoproteins and proteoglycans
C) Endothelial cells
D) Podocytes

Answer 3

B) Glycoproteins and proteoglycans

Question 4

Which of the following substances are considered “freely filtered” and pass through the glomerular membrane to form a filtrate?

A) Lipids and fatty acids
B) Red blood cells
C) Water, glucose, amino acids, ions, urea, some hormones, water-soluble vitamins, and ketones
D) Proteins and large molecules

Answer 4

C) Water, glucose, amino acids, ions, urea, some hormones, water-soluble vitamins, and ketones

Question 5

Which of the following substances are NOT filtered through the glomerular membrane and remain inside the capillaries?

A) Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
B) Glucose
C) Platelets
D) Large proteins

Answer 5

D) Large proteins

Question 6

Limited filtration refers to substances that pass through the filtration membrane in minimal amounts primarily due to:

A) Differences in size between the membrane and the substance
B) Differences in charge between the membrane and the substance
C) Active transport mechanisms
D) Hydrostatic pressure imbalances

Answer 6

B) Differences in charge between the membrane and the substance

Question 7

What is the role of mesangial cells in the filtration process within the glomerulus?

A) Regulate blood pressure within the capillaries
B) Produce and release renin to control blood volume
C) Phagocytose macromolecules to maintain the cleanliness and patency of the filtration membrane
D) Reabsorb water and electrolytes from the tubular fluid

Answer 7

C) Phagocytose macromolecules to maintain the cleanliness and patency of the filtration membrane

Question 8

What is the primary driving force for the movement of water and dissolved substances into the filtrate during the filtration process in the glomerulus?

A) Osmotic pressure
B) Hydrostatic pressure
C) Oncotic pressure
D) Colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 8

B) Hydrostatic pressure (Glomerular hydrostatic pressure)

Question 9

Which of the following pressures opposes the glomerular hydrostatic pressure and hinders the movement of water and solutes into the filtrate during the filtration process?

A) Colloidal osmotic pressure in the blood
B) Glomerular filtration rate
C) Capsular hydrostatic pressure
D) Glomerular oncotic pressure

Answer 9

A) Colloidal osmotic pressure in the blood and C) Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Question 10

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is calculated by subtracting which of the following from the glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) during the filtration process?

A) Blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg)
B) Glomerular oncotic pressure
C) Capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)
D) Glomerular filtration rate

Answer 10

A) Blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg) and C) Capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)

Question 11

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between Net Filtration Pressure (NFP), Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), and urine production?

A) An increase in NFP leads to a decrease in GFR and decreased urine production.
B) A decrease in NFP leads to an increase in GFR and increased urine production.
C) An increase in NFP leads to an increase in GFR and increased urine production.
D) A decrease in NFP leads to a decrease in GFR and decreased urine production.

Answer 11

C) An increase in NFP leads to an increase in GFR and increased urine production.

Question 12

Which of the following statements accurately describes renal autoregulation and extrinsic controls of kidney function?

A) Renal autoregulation refers to the influence of neural and hormonal components on kidney function.
B) Extrinsic controls are the intrinsic mechanisms that maintain constant blood pressure in the kidneys.
C) Intrinsic control is exemplified by the action of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
D) Renal autoregulation allows the kidneys to independently regulate blood pressure and glomerular filtration.

Answer 12

D) Renal autoregulation allows the kidneys to independently regulate blood pressure and glomerular filtration.

Question 13

Which of the following statements accurately describes the myogenic response and tubuloglomerular feedback in kidney regulation?

A) The myogenic response is activated when tubuloglomerular feedback cannot maintain normal blood pressure during an increase in systemic blood pressure.
B) The myogenic response controls blood flow into the glomerulus through the contraction or relaxation of smooth muscles in the efferent arteriole.
C) Tubuloglomerular feedback involves feedback from the renal tubules to regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) when myogenic response alone cannot maintain normal blood pressure.
D) Tubuloglomerular feedback primarily affects the smooth muscles in the afferent arteriole to control blood flow into the glomerulus.

Answer 13

C) Tubuloglomerular feedback involves feedback from the renal tubules to regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) when myogenic response alone cannot maintain normal blood pressure.

Question 14

How does sympathetic stimulation of the kidneys affect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urine production?

A) Sympathetic stimulation increases GFR and urine production.
B) Sympathetic stimulation decreases GFR and urine production.
C) Sympathetic stimulation has no effect on GFR and urine production.
D) Sympathetic stimulation initially increases GFR but decreases urine production.

Answer 14

B) Sympathetic stimulation decreases GFR and urine production.

Question 15

How does sympathetic stimulation of the kidneys affect the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urine production?

A) Sympathetic stimulation increases GFR and urine production.
B) Sympathetic stimulation decreases GFR and urine production.
C) Sympathetic stimulation has no effect on GFR and urine production.
D) Sympathetic stimulation initially increases GFR but decreases urine production.

Answer 15

B) Sympathetic stimulation decreases GFR and urine production.

Question 16

Which of the following accurately describes the functions of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

A) ANP causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles and stimulates renin secretion.
B) ANP promotes vasodilation of afferent arterioles and inhibits renin secretion.
C) ANP increases glomerular filtration rate and promotes water reabsorption.
D) ANP decreases urine production and enhances sodium reabsorption.

Answer 16

B) ANP promotes vasodilation of afferent arterioles and inhibits renin secretion.

Question 17

Which of the following statements accurately describes the factors influencing reabsorption and secretion in the renal tubules?

A) Substances pass through the tubule wall via paracellular transport between cells.
B) Transcellular transport occurs when substances pass through one membrane, either the luminal or basolateral.
C) Transport proteins are absent from the membranes and do not participate in the transport process.
D) Peritubular capillaries have low blood colloid osmotic pressure and high hydrostatic pressure.

Answer 17

B) Transcellular transport occurs when substances pass through two membranes, the luminal and basolateral.

Question 18

What is the relationship between tubular maximum and renal threshold?

A) Tubular maximum refers to the concentration of a substance in the blood beyond which it starts appearing in the urine.
B) Renal threshold denotes the maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed or secreted through the tubular wall.
C) Tubular maximum depends on the presence of proteins on the membranes of tubular epithelial cells.
D) Renal threshold is influenced by the movement of substances through the tubular wall.

Answer 18

C) Tubular maximum depends on the presence of proteins on the membranes of tubular epithelial cells.

Question 19

How is glucose reabsorbed from the tubular lumen in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A) Passive diffusion across the luminal membrane
B) Active transport mediated by the Na+/glucose transport protein
C) Facilitated diffusion through the basolateral membrane
D) Exocytosis into the interstitial fluid

Answer 19

B) Active transport mediated by the Na+/glucose transport protein

Question 20

What happens to proteins in the tubular fluid within the renal tubules?

A) Proteins are completely reabsorbed into the blood.
B) Proteins are filtered and eliminated in the urine.
C) Proteins are transported back into the blood after undergoing enzymatic changes in the tubule cell.
D) Proteins are broken down into amino acids and stored within the tubule cell.

Answer 20

C) Proteins are transported back into the blood after undergoing enzymatic changes in the tubule cell.

Question 21

Which of the following substances undergoes regulated reabsorption in the kidneys to control blood composition?

A) Glucose
B) Urea
C) Sodium
D) Nitrogen

Answer 21

C) Sodium

Question 22

Which of the following statements accurately describes the reabsorption of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in the renal tubules?

A) Sodium is primarily reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule through active transport.
B) Potassium moves from the tubular fluid into the blood via facilitated diffusion.
C) Calcium reabsorption is regulated by aldosterone in the proximal convoluted tubule.
D) Phosphate is filtered into the tubular fluid, and its reabsorption is promoted by parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Answer 22

D) Phosphate is filtered into the tubular fluid, and its reabsorption is promoted by parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Question 23

Which of the following accurately describes the hormonal regulation of water reabsorption in the renal tubules?

A) Aldosterone increases water reabsorption by directly binding to aquaporins.
B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) enhances water reabsorption by increasing sodium reabsorption.
C) Aldosterone stimulates the movement of aquaporins to the luminal membrane.
D) ADH increases water reabsorption by increasing the number of active sodium-potassium pumps

Answer 23

B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) enhances water reabsorption by increasing sodium reabsorption.

Question 24

How do type A intercalated cells and type B intercalated cells in the collecting tubules and collecting ducts regulate pH?

A) Type A intercalated cells secrete bicarbonate ions, while type B intercalated cells reabsorb H+ ions.
B) Type A intercalated cells secrete H+ ions, while type B intercalated cells synthesize bicarbonate ions.
C) Type A intercalated cells reabsorb H+ ions, while type B intercalated cells secrete bicarbonate ions.
D) Type A intercalated cells synthesize bicarbonate ions, while type B intercalated cells secrete H+ ions.

Answer 24

B) Type A intercalated cells secrete H+ ions, while type B intercalated cells synthesize bicarbonate ions.

Question 25

Which of the following statements accurately describes the handling of urea, uric acid, and creatinine in the renal tubules?

A) Urea is primarily reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule, uric acid undergoes filtration and subsequent reabsorption or secretion, while creatinine is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted.
B) Urea undergoes filtration and subsequent reabsorption or secretion, uric acid is primarily reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule, and creatinine is filtered and then secreted in the tubules.
C) Urea and uric acid are both primarily reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule, while creatinine is filtered and not reabsorbed or secreted.
D) Urea is filtered and then reabsorbed or secreted, uric acid is filtered and not reabsorbed or secreted, and creatinine undergoes filtration and subsequent reabsorption or secretion.

Answer 25

A) Urea is primarily reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule, uric acid undergoes filtration and subsequent reabsorption or secretion, while creatinine is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted.

Question 26

What is one of the important functions of the kidneys?

A) Regulating blood pressure
B) Producing red blood cells
C) Digesting food
D) Excreting drugs and metabolic products

Answer 26

D) Excreting drugs and metabolic products

Question 27

What is the primary function of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the nephron loop?

A) Increasing water reabsorption in the descending limb
B) Regulating pH balance in the interstitial fluid
C) Enhancing salt concentration in the interstitial fluid
D) Promoting urea secretion in the ascending limb

Answer 27

C) Enhancing salt concentration in the interstitial fluid

Question 28

How is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured?

A) By injecting a radioactive tracer into the patient’s bloodstream and measuring its clearance in the urine.
B) By administering a dye that is filtered by the glomerulus and monitoring its concentration in the blood.
C) By injecting inulin into the patient and measuring its concentration in both the urine and blood.
D) By calculating the ratio of sodium concentration in the urine to the volume of urine excreted.

Answer 28

C) By injecting inulin into the patient and measuring its concentration in both the urine and blood.

Question 29

What does renal clearance measure and depend on?

A) Measurement of blood flow through the renal arteries and veins
B) Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) only
C) Measurement of the volume of plasma cleared of a substance and depends on filtration, secretion, and reabsorption in the tubules
D) Measurement of urine output and depends on the rate of fluid intake

Answer 29

C) Measurement of the volume of plasma cleared of a substance and depends on filtration, secretion, and reabsorption in the tubules

Question 30

Which of the following substances is suitable for measuring renal function due to its filtration properties and lack of reabsorption or secretion?

A) Glucose
B) Sodium
C) Inulin
D) Urea

Answer 30

C) Inulin

Question 31

Which of the following is a characteristic of urine?

A) Contains 80% water and 20% solutes
B) pH value ranging from 8 to 9
C) Turbidity indicating a high solute concentration
D) Aromatic odor influenced by various factors

Answer 31

D) Aromatic odor influenced by various factors

Question 32

Which of the following structures is responsible for storing urine?

A) Ureter
B) Urinary Bladder
C) Urethra
D) Kidneys

Answer 32

B) Urinary Bladder

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true regarding the male and female urethra?

A) The male urethra is shorter than the female urethra.
B) The male urethra has three parts, while the female urethra has only one.
C) The female urethra is involved in both urine excretion and semen transport.
D) The male urethra is approximately 4 centimeters long.

Answer 33

B) The male urethra has three parts, while the female urethra has only one.

Question 34

What triggers the process of micturition (urination)?

A) Bladder emptiness
B) Pressure on the bladder walls
C) Contraction of the urethra
D) Sympathetic stimulation

Answer 34

B) Pressure on the bladder walls

Question 35

Which of the following statements is true regarding the storage reflex and micturition reflex?

A) The storage reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) The micturition reflex is triggered by the relaxation of the detrusor muscles.
C) The storage reflex involves the contraction of the internal urethral sphincter.
D) The micturition reflex is activated when a small amount of urine is present in the bladder.

Answer 35

C) The storage reflex involves the contraction of the internal urethral sphincter.

Question 36

What is the role of the external urethral sphincter in conscious urination?

A) It contracts to facilitate urination.
B) It relaxes to facilitate urination.
C) It controls the storage of urine in the bladder.
D) It is regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Answer 36

B) It relaxes to facilitate urination.