Chapter 25 Fluid and Electrolytes 2.0 Flashcards
Which of the following factors affects the percentage of water in the body?
A) Gender
B) Age
C) Physical activity level
D) Blood type
B) Age
Which of the following factors influences the percentage of water in the body?
A) Nutritional status
B) Blood pressure
C) Hormone levels
D) Adiposity
D) Adiposity
Which fluid compartment in the body comprises approximately two-thirds of total bodily fluid?
A) Intracellular fluid (ICF)
B) Extracellular fluid (ECF)
C) Interstitial fluid (IF)
D) Blood plasma
A) Intracellular fluid (ICF)
How does water move between compartments based on osmosis?
a) From areas with lower concentration to areas with higher concentration
b) From areas with higher concentration to areas with lower concentration
c) Equally in both directions
d) It does not move through osmosis
a) From areas with lower concentration to areas with higher concentration
How does water move between compartments based on osmosis?
a) From areas with lower concentration to areas with higher concentration
b) From areas with higher concentration to areas with lower concentration
c) Equally in both directions
d) It does not move through osmosis
a) From areas with lower concentration to areas with higher concentration
Which of the following processes is considered a part of fluid output in the body?
A) Drinking water
B) Digesting food
C) Breathing
D) Absorbing nutrients
C) Breathing
What condition occurs when there is an excessive intake or retention of water compared to electrolyte intake or retention, resulting in a hypotonic extracellular fluid?
A) Volume depletion
B) Volume excess
C) Dehydration
D) Hypotonic hydration
D) Hypotonic hydration
Which neurohumoral factor stimulates the feeling of thirst when the extracellular fluid becomes hypertonic due to dehydration?
A) Angiotensin II
B) ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)
C) Dry mouth
D) Gastric distension
B) ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)
Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland in response to extracellular fluid hyperosmolarity, leading to increased water reabsorption in the kidneys?
A) Angiotensin II
B) Aldosterone
C) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regulation of sodium and water balance in the body?
A) Angiotensin II
B) Aldosterone
C) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
B) Aldosterone
Which hormone is responsible for promoting sodium and water resorption while reducing their excretion, and is produced through the conversion of angiotensin I under the action of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)?
A) Angiotensin II
B) Aldosterone
C) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
A) Angiotensin II
Which hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex and stimulated by angiotensin II, increased potassium concentration, and decreased sodium concentration, acts to reduce fluid output?
A) Angiotensin II
B) Aldosterone
C) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
B) Aldosterone
Which of the following substances is considered an electrolyte?
A) Urea
B) Glucose
C) Sodium chloride (NaCl)
D) Water
C) Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body?
A) Insulin
B) Estrogen
C) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D) Thyroxine
C) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Which of the following is a primary role of electrolytes in the body?
A) Regulating blood sugar levels
B) Maintaining bone density
C) Controlling muscle and nerve cell function
D) Supporting immune system function
C) Controlling muscle and nerve cell function
Which hormone is responsible for regulating the body’s metabolism and energy production?
A) Insulin
B) Estrogen
C) Thyroxine
D) Growth hormone
C) Thyroxine
Which organ is primarily responsible for the production and secretion of insulin?
A) Pancreas
B) Liver
C) Kidneys
D) Adrenal glands
A) Pancreas
Which electrolyte is primarily found in higher concentrations in the intracellular compartment compared to the extracellular compartment?
A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Calcium
D) Chloride
B) Potassium
Which electrolyte is primarily responsible for bone formation and maintenance, as well as proper nerve and muscle function?
A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Calcium
D) Chloride
C) Calcium
Which electrolyte is the most abundant in the extracellular compartment and plays a crucial role in generating resting and action membrane potentials?
A) Sodium
B) Potassium
C) Calcium
D) Chloride
A) Sodium
Which process is primarily responsible for establishing a significant concentration gradient of sodium between the extracellular and intracellular compartments?
A) Active transport through Na+/K+ pump
B) Passive diffusion through cell membranes
C) Facilitated diffusion through ion channels
D) Osmosis across cell membranes
A) Active transport through Na+/K+ pump
Which enzyme is responsible for converting angiotensin I into angiotensin II?
A) Renin
B) Angiotensinogen
C) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
D) Juxtaglomerular cells
C) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Which organ primarily produces angiotensinogen, the inactive protein involved in the formation of angiotensin II?
A) Liver
B) Kidneys
C) Heart
D) Lungs
A) Liver
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?
A) Renin
B) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
C) Angiotensin II receptor
D) Angiotensinogenase
A) Renin
Which of the following is a physiological effect of angiotensin II?
A) Vasodilation and decrease in blood pressure
B) Inhibition of sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys
C) Suppression of thirst sensation
D) Vasoconstriction and increase in blood pressure
D) Vasoconstriction and increase in blood pressure
Which hormone is stimulated by angiotensin II and plays a role in promoting sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys?
A) Insulin
B) Thyroxine
C) Aldosterone
D) Growth hormone
C) Aldosterone
Which of the following stimuli signals the hypothalamus to induce the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland?
A) High blood pressure
B) High blood volume
C) Low blood pressure
D) Low blood osmolarity
C) Low blood pressure
What are the primary effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the body?
A) Stimulation of the thirst center and vasoconstriction of blood vessels
B) Inhibition of fluid intake and increased water excretion in the kidneys
C) Stimulation of the appetite center and decreased blood pressure
D) Promotion of fluid retention in the digestive system and increased blood osmolarity
A) Stimulation of the thirst center and vasoconstriction of blood vessels
What are the primary stimuli for the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?
A) Elevated serum potassium and angiotensin II
B) Reduced serum potassium and angiotensin II
C) Elevated serum sodium and ACTH
D) Reduced serum sodium and ACTH
A) Elevated serum potassium and angiotensin II
How does aldosterone primarily affect sodium and potassium regulation in the kidneys?
A) By stimulating the release of sodium into the urine and inhibiting potassium reabsorption
B) By stimulating the reabsorption of sodium and promoting potassium secretion into the urine
C) By inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and promoting potassium reabsorption
D) By inhibiting the release of sodium into the urine and promoting potassium reabsorption
B) By stimulating the reabsorption of sodium and promoting potassium secretion into the urine
What is one of the primary functions of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
A) Stimulation of sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys
B) Constriction of systemic blood vessels
C) Inhibition of afferent arterioles and mesangial cell relaxation
D) Inhibition of sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys
D) Inhibition of sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys
What is the stimulus for the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
A) Atrial dilation caused by high blood pressure and increased blood volume
B) Atrial contraction caused by low blood pressure and decreased blood volume
C) Ventricular dilation caused by high blood pressure and increased blood volume
D) Ventricular contraction caused by low blood pressure and decreased blood volume
A) Atrial dilation caused by high blood pressure and increased blood volume
Which type of acid in the body can be eliminated by exhaling carbon dioxide?
A) Fixed acid
B) Volatile acid
C) Lactic acid
D) Ketone acid
B) Volatile acid
Which enzyme is involved in the formation of carbonic acid, a volatile acid in the body?
A) Carbonic reductase
B) Carbonic oxidase
C) Carbonic anhydrase
D) Carbonic synthase
C) Carbonic anhydrase
Which type of acids are formed by metabolic processes such as glycolysis and fat metabolism?
A) Fixed acids
B) Volatile acids
C) Nucleic acids
D) Organic acids
A) Fixed acids
Which of the following describes fixed acids?
A) Acids formed from carbon dioxide
B) Acids formed by nucleotide metabolism
C) Acids formed during glycolysis
D) Acids formed during fat metabolism
B) Acids formed by nucleotide metabolism
Which cells in the kidneys play a significant role in regulating acidosis by actively secreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions?
A) Type B intercalated cells
B) Proximal convoluted tubule cells
C) Type A intercalated cells
D) Glomerular endothelial cells
C) Type A intercalated cells
Which organs are primarily responsible for regulating pH and act as physiological buffers in the body?
A) Liver and pancreas
B) Lungs and heart
C) Kidneys and lungs
D) Stomach and intestines
C) Kidneys and lungs
What is the primary role of proteins in buffering systems?
A) Acting as strong bases
B) Providing structural support
C) Acting as weak bases and weak acids
D) Regulating enzyme activity
C) Acting as weak bases and weak acids
Which components make up the phosphate buffer system?
A) Dihydrogen phosphate and hydroxide ions
B) Hydrogen phosphate and hydrochloric acid
C) Dihydrogen phosphate and hydrogen phosphate
D) Phosphoric acid and bicarbonate ions
C) Dihydrogen phosphate and hydrogen phosphate
Which components make up the bicarbonate buffer system?
A) Carbonic acid and hydroxide ions
B) Bicarbonate ion and carbon dioxide
C) Bicarbonate ion and hydrogen phosphate
D) Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion
B) Bicarbonate ion and carbon dioxide
What is the primary cause of respiratory acidosis?
A) Addition of acid to the body
B) Excessive exhalation of carbon dioxide
C) Inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide
D) Loss of bicarbonate ions from the body
C) Inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide
Which condition is characterized by a pH above 7.45?
A) Acidosis
B) Metabolic alkalosis
C) Respiratory acidosis
D) Alkalosis
D) Alkalosis
What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis?
A) Excessive exhalation of carbon dioxide
B) Addition of acid to the body
C) Loss of bicarbonate ions from the body
D) Inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide
B) Addition of acid to the body
What is the primary cause of respiratory alkalosis?
A) Excessive accumulation of carbon dioxide
B) Addition of acid to the body
C) Inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide
D) Hyperventilation
D) Hyperventilation
What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis?
A) Excessive accumulation of bicarbonate ions
B) Addition of acid to the body
C) Inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide
D) Loss of bicarbonate ions from the body
D) Loss of bicarbonate ions from the body
What is the primary cause of metabolic alkalosis?
A) Excessive accumulation of bicarbonate ions
B) Addition of acid to the body
C) Loss of bicarbonate ions from the body
D) Loss of hydrogen ions from the body
A) Excessive accumulation of bicarbonate ions
Which type of cells in the kidneys are involved in renal compensation for acid-base disorders?
A) Type A intercalate cells
B) Type B intercalate cells
C) Type C intercalate cells
D) Type D intercalate cells
A) Type A intercalate cells
Which mechanism is more effective in regulating acidosis compared to alkalosis?
A) Renal compensation
B) Respiratory compensation
C) Metabolic compensation
D) Renal excretion
B) Respiratory compensation
