Chapter 29

Question 1

A plant that produces both xylem and phloem.

Answer 1

vascular plant

Question 2

A paraphyletic group of nonvascular plants that includes the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Answer 2

Bryophytes

Question 3

A monophyletic major group of spore-dispersing vascular plants that are the sister group to all other vascular plants.

Answer 3

Lycophytes

Question 4

A monophyletic group of vascular plants that have leaves and disperse by spores.

Answer 4

Ferns and horsetails

Question 5

Seed plants whose ovules are not enclosed in a carpel; gymnosperms include pine trees and other conifers.

Answer 5

Gymnosperms

Question 6

The flowering plants; angiosperms are a monophyletic group of seed plants characterized by flowers, double fertilization, and fruits.

Answer 6

Angiosperms

Question 7

The collective name for the leaves, stems, and reproductive organs, the major aboveground organ systems of vascular plants.

Answer 7

shoot

Question 8

A major organ system of vascular plants, generally belowground.

Answer 8

roots

Question 9

The principal site of photosynthesis in vascular plants.

Answer 9

leaf

Question 10

In mammals, the outer layer of skin, which serves as a water-resistant, protective barrier. In plants, the outermost layer of cells in leaves, young stems (lacking secondary growth), and roots. Also, the outer layer of the cnidarian body.

Answer 10

epidermis

Question 11

A leaf tissue of loosely packed photosynthetic cells.

Answer 11

mesophyll

Question 12

In plants, the system of vascular conduits within the leaf; in animals, the large, low-pressure vessels that return blood to the heart.

Answer 12

veins

Question 13

The loss of water vapor from leaves.

Answer 13

transpiration

Question 14

In leaves, a protective layer of a waxy substance secreted by epidermal cells that limits water loss; also, an exoskeleton that covers the bodies of invertebrates such as nematodes and arthropods.

Answer 14

cuticle

Question 15

Pores in the epidermis of a leaf that regulate the diffusion of gases between the interior of the leaf and the atmosphere.

Answer 15

stomata

Question 16

One of two cells surrounding the central pore of a stoma.

Answer 16

guard cells

Question 17

A mechanism in plants that helps balance carbon dioxide gain and water loss by capturing carbon dioxide into 4-carbon organic acids at night, when transpiration rates are low, and then using it to supply the Calvin cycle during the day while stomata remain closed.

Answer 17

crassulacean acid metabolism

Question 18

A plant that grows high in the canopy of other plants, or on branches or trunks of trees, without contact with the soil.

Answer 18

epiphyte

Question 19

A plant in which carbon dioxide is incorporated into 4-carbon organic acids that are then used to supply the Calvin cycle.

Answer 19

C4 plant

Question 20

A plant that does not use 4-carbon organic acids to supply the Calvin cycle with carbon dioxide.

Answer 20

C3 plant

Question 21

A cylinder of cells that surrounds each vein in C4 plants in which carbon dioxide is concentrated in bundle sheath cells, suppressing photorespiration.

Answer 21

bundle sheath

Question 22

The vascular tissue that transports carbohydrates from leaves to the rest of the plant body.

Answer 22

phloem

Question 23

Vascular tissue consisting of lignified conduits that transports water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves.

Answer 23

xylem

Question 24

A circular or ovoid region in the walls of xylem cells where the lignified cell wall layer is not produced.

Answer 24

pit

Question 25

A unicellular xylem conduit.

Answer 25

tracheid

Question 26

A multicellular xylem conduit.

Answer 26

vessel

Question 27

An individual cell that is part of a xylem vessel for water transport in plants.

Answer 27

vessel element

Question 28

The abrupt replacement of the water in a conduit by water vapor, which blocks water flow in xylem.

Answer 28

cavitation

Question 29

In plants, a region that supplies carbohydrates to other parts of the plant.

Answer 29

source

Question 30

In plants, any portion of the plant that needs carbohydrates to fuel growth and respiration, such as a root, young leaf, or developing fruit.

Answer 30

sink

Question 31

In angiosperms, a cell that carries out cellular functions such as protein synthesis for sieve tubes.

Answer 31

companion cell

Question 32

A multicellular unit composed of sieve elements that are connected end to end, through which phloem transport takes place.

Answer 32

sieve tube

Question 33

A modified end wall with large pores that links sieve elements.

Answer 33

sieve plate

Question 34

Elements that come from the soil or water that play essential roles in all metabolic and structural processes in plants and algae; see also dietary minerals.

Answer 34

mineral nutrients

Question 35

A slender outgrowth produced by epidermal cells that greatly increases the surface area of the root.

Answer 35

root hair

Question 36

In a stem, the region between the epidermis and the vascular bundles, composed of parenchyma cells. In the mammalian brain, the highly folded outer layer of gray matter, about 4 mm thick, made up of densely packed neuron cell bodies and their dendrites. In the mammalian renal system, the outer layer of the kidney.

Answer 36

cortex

Question 37

In plants, a layer of cells surrounding the xylem and phloem at the center of the root that controls the movement of nutrients into the xylem. Also, the inner lining of the cnidarian body.

Answer 37

endodermis

Question 38

A thin band of hydrophobic material that encircles each cell of the endodermis of a root, controlling which materials enter the xylem.

Answer 38

casparian strip

Question 39

The process in which nitrogen gas (N2) is converted into ammonia (NH3), a form biologically useful to primary producers.

Answer 39

nitrogen fixation

Question 40

A structure, formed by dividing root cells, in which nitrogen-fixing bacteria live.

Answer 40

root nodule

Question 41

Tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient

Answer 41

Diffusion

Question 42

Passive diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

Answer 42

Osmosis

Question 43

Water moves passively

Answer 43

Semi-permeable membrane

Question 44

Process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere, evaporation of water from plant leaves

Answer 44

Transpiration

Question 45

What are the three vegetative organs found on a typical plant and what are 2-3 functions of each vegetative organ?

Answer 45

Root- absorption of water and inorganic nutrients, anchoring of the plant body to the ground and supporting it, storage of food and nutrients. Stems- support the leaves and to conduct water and minerals to the leaves. Leaf- photosynthesis, transpiration and food storage

Question 46

What are the three plant tissue systems?

Answer 46

dermal, ground, and vascular

Question 47

How is water transported in plants?

Answer 47

Xylem