Chapter 29 Flashcards
A plant that produces both xylem and phloem.
vascular plant
A paraphyletic group of nonvascular plants that includes the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Bryophytes
A monophyletic major group of spore-dispersing vascular plants that are the sister group to all other vascular plants.
Lycophytes
A monophyletic group of vascular plants that have leaves and disperse by spores.
Ferns and horsetails
Seed plants whose ovules are not enclosed in a carpel; gymnosperms include pine trees and other conifers.
Gymnosperms
The flowering plants; angiosperms are a monophyletic group of seed plants characterized by flowers, double fertilization, and fruits.
Angiosperms
The collective name for the leaves, stems, and reproductive organs, the major aboveground organ systems of vascular plants.
shoot
A major organ system of vascular plants, generally belowground.
roots
The principal site of photosynthesis in vascular plants.
leaf
In mammals, the outer layer of skin, which serves as a water-resistant, protective barrier. In plants, the outermost layer of cells in leaves, young stems (lacking secondary growth), and roots. Also, the outer layer of the cnidarian body.
epidermis
A leaf tissue of loosely packed photosynthetic cells.
mesophyll
In plants, the system of vascular conduits within the leaf; in animals, the large, low-pressure vessels that return blood to the heart.
veins
The loss of water vapor from leaves.
transpiration
In leaves, a protective layer of a waxy substance secreted by epidermal cells that limits water loss; also, an exoskeleton that covers the bodies of invertebrates such as nematodes and arthropods.
cuticle
Pores in the epidermis of a leaf that regulate the diffusion of gases between the interior of the leaf and the atmosphere.
stomata
One of two cells surrounding the central pore of a stoma.
guard cells
A mechanism in plants that helps balance carbon dioxide gain and water loss by capturing carbon dioxide into 4-carbon organic acids at night, when transpiration rates are low, and then using it to supply the Calvin cycle during the day while stomata remain closed.
crassulacean acid metabolism
A plant that grows high in the canopy of other plants, or on branches or trunks of trees, without contact with the soil.
epiphyte
A plant in which carbon dioxide is incorporated into 4-carbon organic acids that are then used to supply the Calvin cycle.
C4 plant
A plant that does not use 4-carbon organic acids to supply the Calvin cycle with carbon dioxide.
C3 plant
A cylinder of cells that surrounds each vein in C4 plants in which carbon dioxide is concentrated in bundle sheath cells, suppressing photorespiration.
bundle sheath
The vascular tissue that transports carbohydrates from leaves to the rest of the plant body.
phloem
Vascular tissue consisting of lignified conduits that transports water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves.
xylem
A circular or ovoid region in the walls of xylem cells where the lignified cell wall layer is not produced.
pit
A unicellular xylem conduit.
tracheid
A multicellular xylem conduit.
vessel
An individual cell that is part of a xylem vessel for water transport in plants.
vessel element
The abrupt replacement of the water in a conduit by water vapor, which blocks water flow in xylem.
cavitation
In plants, a region that supplies carbohydrates to other parts of the plant.
source
In plants, any portion of the plant that needs carbohydrates to fuel growth and respiration, such as a root, young leaf, or developing fruit.
sink
In angiosperms, a cell that carries out cellular functions such as protein synthesis for sieve tubes.
companion cell
A multicellular unit composed of sieve elements that are connected end to end, through which phloem transport takes place.
sieve tube
A modified end wall with large pores that links sieve elements.
sieve plate
Elements that come from the soil or water that play essential roles in all metabolic and structural processes in plants and algae; see also dietary minerals.
mineral nutrients
A slender outgrowth produced by epidermal cells that greatly increases the surface area of the root.
root hair
In a stem, the region between the epidermis and the vascular bundles, composed of parenchyma cells. In the mammalian brain, the highly folded outer layer of gray matter, about 4 mm thick, made up of densely packed neuron cell bodies and their dendrites. In the mammalian renal system, the outer layer of the kidney.
cortex
In plants, a layer of cells surrounding the xylem and phloem at the center of the root that controls the movement of nutrients into the xylem. Also, the inner lining of the cnidarian body.
endodermis
A thin band of hydrophobic material that encircles each cell of the endodermis of a root, controlling which materials enter the xylem.
casparian strip
The process in which nitrogen gas (N2) is converted into ammonia (NH3), a form biologically useful to primary producers.
nitrogen fixation
A structure, formed by dividing root cells, in which nitrogen-fixing bacteria live.
root nodule
Tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient
Diffusion
Passive diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
Osmosis
Water moves passively
Semi-permeable membrane
Process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere, evaporation of water from plant leaves
Transpiration
What are the three vegetative organs found on a typical plant and what are 2-3 functions of each vegetative organ?
Root- absorption of water and inorganic nutrients, anchoring of the plant body to the ground and supporting it, storage of food and nutrients. Stems- support the leaves and to conduct water and minerals to the leaves. Leaf- photosynthesis, transpiration and food storage
What are the three plant tissue systems?
dermal, ground, and vascular
How is water transported in plants?
Xylem
