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Zoology > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q

what characterized clade parazoa?

A

no tissues, body cavity, or symmetry

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2
Q

who are members of phylum porifera and where are they found?

A

sponges; marine and freshwater

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3
Q

are sponges free swimming or sessile?

A

larvae free swimming, adults sessile

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4
Q

list and describe the 3 layers of sponge body walls

A
  1. inner layer: specialized cells, for feeding
  2. middle layer: gelatinous, protein rich matrix called mesohyl, may contain spicule or spongin
  3. outer layer: protective epithelial cells
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5
Q

what is the space inside the sponge called?

A

spongocoel

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6
Q

what are the pores in the outer layer of a sponge called and what do they do?

A

ostia, let food and water inside

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7
Q

list the 3 sponge body types, in order from simplest to most complex and most surface arearelease of gamet

A

ascenoid, syconoid, leuconoid

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8
Q

what is the role of the choanocyte flagella in porifera?

A

keep wtaer moving for the filter feeding

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9
Q

how does sponges reproduce?

A

asexually: through fragmentation and
sexually: through release of gametes for random mating

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10
Q

what do larval sponges use for swimming?

A

cilia

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11
Q

what 2 clades are in eumetazoa?

A

radiata and bilateria

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12
Q

list the symmetry and body cavity of radiata

A

radial symmetry and no body cavity

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13
Q

what 2 phyla are in clade radiata?

A

cnidaria and ctenophora

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14
Q

where are cnidarians found?

A

nearly all marine

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15
Q

do cnidarians have tissues?

A

yes but no organs

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16
Q

discuss the tissue layers of cnidarians

A

diploblastic, layer of gelatinous material, or mesoglea between endo and ectoderm

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17
Q

what is the cnidarian diet?

A

carnivorous

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18
Q

what are the 2 basic body forms of cnidarians?

A

medusa and polyp

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19
Q

how do polyps reproduce?

A

either sexually or asexually by budding

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20
Q

how do medusae reproduce?

A

sexually, making free swimming larvae called planulae

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21
Q

how does digestion work in cnidarians?

A

internal extracellular digestion; enzymes are released to break down food, then extracellular fragmentation in the gastrovascular cavity, followed by phagocytosis and intracellular digestion

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22
Q

how is circulation, respiration, and excretion accomplished in cnidarians?

A

through diffusion bc no organs

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23
Q

what are the unique,specialized cells on the epidermis of cnidarians?

A

cnidocytes

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24
Q

what are the specialized stinging cnidocytes?

A

nematocysts function in food acquisition and defense

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25
Q

list the 4 classes of cnidarians

A
  1. hydrozoa
  2. scyphozoa
  3. anthozoa
  4. cubozoa
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26
Q

what is the only class of cnidarians with both marine and freshwater species?

A

hydrozoa

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27
Q

what form of hydrozoa is the portugese man of war?

A

colonial

28
Q

why are anthozoas only found in shallow water?

A

because of the symbiotic relationship with the photosynthetic algae in their tissues

29
Q

what do anthozoas secrete?

A

reef building calcium carbonate

30
Q

how do anthozoas eat?

A

strictly carnivorous

31
Q

what other animal do sea anenome have a symbiotic relationship with?

A

clown fish

32
Q

what are the 2 kinds of platyhelminthes?

A 
free living flatworms (Turbellaria)
parasitic flatworms (Termatoda and Cestoda)
33
Q

describe the digestive aspect of platyhelminthes

A

incomplete digestive tract in turbellaria, no digestive cavity in trematodes and cestodes

34
Q

do platyhelminthes have an excretory system?

A

yes, but primitive

35
Q

discuss a hallmark aspect of platyhelminthes nervous systems

A

eyespots that can sense light and dark

36
Q

how do platyhelminthes move?

A

ciliated epithelial cells, musculatura

37
Q

how do trematodes and cestodes absorb nutrients without a digestive cavity?

A

directly through body walls

38
Q

describe the excretory system of platyhelminthes

A

network of fine tubules, with flame cells

39
Q

discuss the role of flame cells in platyhelminthes

A

located on the side branches, primary function is water balance, secondary function is excretion

40
Q

how are metabolic wastes excreted in platyhelminthes?

A

directly into the gut and out through the mouth

41
Q

why do platyhelminthes lack a circulatory system?

A

not a lot going on, flat enough that diffusion works instead

42
Q

describe the reproductive aspects of platyhelminthes

A

most monoecious (hermaphroditic), but undergo sexual reproduction, and have the capacity for asexual regeneration

43
Q

what interprets the information from the eyespots of platyhelminthes?

A

a primitive nerve cord

44
Q

list the 3 classes of platyhelminthes?

A
  1. turbellaria
  2. cestoda
  3. trematoda
45
Q

what are turbellaria and where are they found?

A

free living flat worms found in marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments

46
Q

what are trematoda and where are they found and also describe their lifecycle

A

flukes that live as ecto or endo parasites in the bodies of other animals, have a lfiecycle that involves 2 or more hosts

47
Q

what happens in the definitive host?

A

where adult form of parasite lives and produces eggs, sexual reproduction, eggs are released into the environment and picked up by the intermediate host

48
Q

what happens in the intermediate host?

A

where parasites live in larval form and reproduce asexually

49
Q

what is the paratinic host?

A

the transport host, where no reproduction takes place

50
Q

who are cestoda and where are they found?

A

tapeworms, live as parasites in the bodies of other animals, mostly in the intestines of vertebrates

51
Q

list and describe the 3 zones of the cestoda body

A

scolex: attachment organ
neck: unsegmented portion
proglottids: reproductive sections, each is a complex hermaphroditic unit

52
Q

what is the beef tapeworm?

A

Teania saginata

53
Q

how do cestoda eggs get into the environment?

A

the proglottid segments break off and come out through the feces of the direct host

54
Q

how do you break the parasite lifecycle?

A

treat the intermediate host

55
Q

what is a pseudocoel?

A

a cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm

56
Q

how does the pseudocoel function?

A

as a hydrostatic skeleton, against which the animal’s muscles can work

57
Q

do pseudocoelomates have a circulatory system? why or why not?

A

no, the function is performed by the fluids that move within the pseudocoel

58
Q

who are the pseudocoelomates?

A

phyla rotifera and nematoda

59
Q

who are nematodes? symmetry? segmentation

A

roundworms, bilateral, unsegmented

60
Q

whatbody plan do nematodes have?

A

tube within a tube

61
Q

what are nematodes covered with that they must molt in order to grow?

A

a thick flexible cuticle that serves as oxygen exchange

62
Q

describe the reproductive stuff of nematodes

A

dioecious, very obvious repro tract

63
Q

what are the piercing organs on nematode mouths?

A

stylets

64
Q

how does food pass through the mouth of nematodes?

A

the sucking action of the pharynx

65
Q

what phylum does the canine heartworm belong to?

A

nematoda

66
Q

what are rotifera?

A

bilateral unsegmented pseudocoleomates with complex internal organs

Zoology (7 decks)

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