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Zoology > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

what are systematics?

A

the study of evolutionary relationships

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2
Q

what is phylogeny?

A

organism’s evolutionary history and its relationships

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3
Q

what is a phylogenetic tree?

A

a visual depiction of phylogeny

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4
Q

is phylogeny fact?

A

no, it’s a hypothesis

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5
Q

what are the three domains?

A

bacteriae, archea, eukarya

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6
Q

what is the root in a phylogenetic tree?

A

ancestral lineage giving rise to all organisms on the tree

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7
Q

what is the branch point in a phylogenetic tree?

A

where two lineages diverged

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8
Q

what is the basal taxon in a phylogenetic tree?

A

lineage that evolved early and remains unbranched

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9
Q

what are sister taxa in a phylogenetic tree?

A

two lineages stem from the same branch point

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10
Q

what is a polytomy in a phylogenetic tree?

A

a branch with more than two lineages

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11
Q

what do phylogenies depict?

A

evolutionary relationships

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12
Q

how are phylogenetic trees structured when they are based on the presence of shared characteristics?

A

yes/no equals separation, with the yes branch point continuing up the tree

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13
Q

why is binomial nomenclature in latin?

A

it’s a dead, universal language that won’t change

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14
Q

what is the most inclusive classification?

A

domain

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15
Q

what is the most specific classification that is always present?

A

species

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16
Q

what is an even more specific classification than species but isn’t always present, and has 3 names instead of just 2?

A

subspecies

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17
Q

what are shared derived characteristics? give an example

A

similarity that is inherited from the MOST RECENT common ancestor of an entire group, like fur in the class mammalia

18
Q

what are ancestral shared characteristics? give an example

A

similarity that arose PRIOR TO the common ancestor of the group, like the vertebral column in the class mammalia

19
Q

what kind of characteristics are considered informative about evolutionary relationships?

A

shared derived characteristics

20
Q

what can be classified as a character?

A

any part of the phenotype, like morphology, behavior, physiology, DNA

21
Q

how should characters exist?

A

in recognizable states, like presence or absence of character

22
Q

what kind of characteristic is presence of hair in mammals?

A

shared derived characteristic

23
Q

what kind of characteristic is presence of lungs in mammals and why?

A

ancestral feature, it is also present in amphibians and reptiles

24
Q

what happens to shared derived characteristics as you move further up a cladogram/phylogenetic tree?

A

they become ancestral characteristics as more branch points form and evolution takes place

25
Q

what kind of characteristic is presence of teeth in mammals and reptiles?

A

ancestral

26
Q

what kind of characteristic is absence of teeth in birds and turtles?

A

shared derived

27
Q

what is a clade?

A

species that share a common ancestor as indicated by the presence of SHARED DERIVED characteristics

28
Q

how are clades used when creating a phylogenetic tree?

A

as evolutionary units

29
Q

what do clades refer to in a phylogenetic tree?

A

a common ancestor and all descendants

30
Q

what does a clade include in a phylogenetic tree?

A

all descendants from a particular branch point

31
Q

clades can vary in size based on what?

A

which branch point is referred

32
Q

are clades separate units?

A

no, one clade can be nested in another

33
Q

what is a taxon?

A

refers to a named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification

34
Q

what is a monopyhletic group, where is it located on a phylogenetic tree, and what does it include?

A

synonomous with clade, from a single branch point, includes an ancestral species and ALL of its descendants

35
Q

give an example of a clade?

A

clade amniota

36
Q

what is a paraphyletic group?

A

consists of ancestral species and some BUT NOT ALL of its descendants

37
Q

what is a polyphyletic group?

A

consists of a grouping of species but DOES NOT include the most recent common ancestor

38
Q

are species within polyphyletic groups closely related?

A

not necessarily

39
Q

what is an outgroup?

A

a species/group from an evolutionary line that is closely related to but not part of the group of interest (ingroup), like a basal taxon

40
Q

what does the most parsimonious phylogenetic tree require?

A

the fewest evolutionary events

Zoology (7 decks)

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