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Preparation for Physics Final > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the first person to make a systematic study of color?

A

Newton

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2
Q

By passing a ________beam of sunlight through a _______-_______ glass prism, Newton showed that sunlight is composed of a mixture of…..

A

narrow; traingular-shaped; all the colors of the rainbow

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3
Q

What does the glass prism do?

A

The prism cast the sunlight into an elongated patch of colors on a sheet of white paper.

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4
Q

What does the spectrum consist of?

A

red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet

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5
Q

What is sunlight an example of?

A

White light

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6
Q

What is white light?

A

A combination of all the colors

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7
Q

What happens to objects placed under white light?

A

White objects appear white and colored objects appear in their individual colors.

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8
Q

What did Newton prove about the colors of the spectrum?

A

The colors in the spectrum were a property of the the white light itself not the prism.

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9
Q

Is white a color?

A

No, it is a combination of all colors.

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10
Q

Is black a color?

A

No, it is the absence of light

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11
Q

When do objects appear balck?

A

Objects appear black when they absorb light of all visible frequencies.

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12
Q

What is an excellent absorber of light?

A

Carbon soot and the dull finish of black velvet

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13
Q

Why do highly polished razor blades appear black when stacked upon each other?

A

Most of the light that gets between the closely spaced edges of the blades gets trapped and is absorbed after being reflected many times.

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14
Q

Do black objects that you CAN SEE absorb all light that falls onto them?

A

No, bc there is always somereflection at the surface. If not, you wouldn’t be able to see them.

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15
Q

Why are the colors of most objects around you like that?

A

It is like that due to the way the objects reflect light

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16
Q

The color of an _______ object is the color of the light it reflects

A

Opaque

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17
Q

What is light reflection similar to?

A

The way that sound is reflected. It can be made to vibrate, just like we think of atoms and molecules as 3D tuning forls with electrons that behave as tiny oscillators that whirl in orbits around the nuclei. Electrons can be forced temporarily into larger orbits by vibrations of electromagnetic waves (such as light)

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18
Q

Different __________ have different _________ _________ for _________and ___________ ____________.

A

materials; natural frequencies; absorbing; emitting radiation

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19
Q

At the resonant frequencies where the amplitudes of oscillation are large….

A

light is absorbed

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20
Q

When frequencies below and above the resonant frequencies…

A

light is reemitted

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21
Q

If the material is transparent…

A

the reemitted light passes through it

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22
Q

If the material is opaque…

A

the light passes back into the medium from which it came, i.e. reflection

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23
Q

What do most materials do when they absorb lightof some frequencies?

A

They absorb light of some frequencies and reflect the rest

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24
Q

If a material absorbs light of most visible frequencies and reflects red…

A

the material appears red

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25
Q

If it reflects light of all visible frequencies…

A

it will be the same color as the light that shines on it

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26
Q

If a material absorbs all the light that shines on it…

A

it reflects none and is black

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27
Q

What happens when white light falls on a flower?

A

Cells that contain chlorophyll absorb light of most frequencies incident upon them and reflect the green part.

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28
Q

An object an reflect only light of frequencies that are…

A

present in the illluminating light

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29
Q

Is the perceived color of an object subjective?

A

yes

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30
Q

Are color differences between two objects are most easily detected in bright sunlight?

A

yes

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31
Q

The color of a ________object is the color of light it ___________.

A

transparent; transmits

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32
Q

What is pigment?

A

The material in the glass that selectively absorbs colored light.

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33
Q

Explain the process that pigment does?

A

From an atomic pov, electrons in the pigment atoms selectively absorb light of certain freuencies in the illuminating light. Light of other frequencies is reemitted from atom to atom if the glass. The energy of the absorbed light increases the kinetic energy of the atoms, and the glass is warmed.

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34
Q

Why is ordinary window glass colorless?

A

It transmits lgith of all visible frequencies equally well

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35
Q

White light from the sun is a…

A

composite of all the visible frequencies

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36
Q

Is the brightness of solar frequencies uneven?

A

Yes

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37
Q

What is the brightest part of sunlight?

A

yellow-green light

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38
Q

What is the graphical distribution of brightness versus frequency called?

A

The radiation curve

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39
Q

Light of all the visible frequencies mixed together…

A

produces white

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40
Q

White also results from the combination of only…

A

Red, green, and blue

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41
Q

Red + green

A

yellow

42
Q

Red + blue

A

magenta

43
Q

Green + blue

A

Cyan

44
Q

The lower end frequency is…

A

red

45
Q

The middle frequency is…

A

green

46
Q

The higher-frequency is…

A

blue

47
Q

The low and middle frequencies combined appear…

A

yellow to the human eye

48
Q

The middle and high frequencies combined appear…

A

cyan

49
Q

The low and high frequencies combined appear…

A

magenta

50
Q

Can you make almost any color at all by overlapping…

A

red, green, and blue light and adjusting the brightness of each color of light

51
Q

What are red, green, and blue called?

A

The additive primary colors

52
Q

yellow + blue

A

white

53
Q

magenta + green

A

white

54
Q

cyan + red

A

white

55
Q

When two colors are added together to produce white, they are called…

A

complementary colorss

56
Q

Every color has some _________ ________that when added to it will produce ________.

A

complementary color; white

57
Q

If you begin with white light and subtract some color from it, the resulting color will appear as the…

A

complement of the one subtracted. Not all the light incident upon an onject is reflected, some is absorbed

58
Q

If white light falls on a pigment that absorbs red light, the light reflected will appear…

A

cyan

59
Q

If you mix red, blue, and green with paint what color will it turn out to be?

A

a muddy dark brown

60
Q

What do paints and dyes contain?

A

Finely divided solid particles of pigment that produce their color by absorbing light of certain frequencies and reflecting light of other frequencies.

61
Q

Pigments absorb…

A

light of a relatively wide range of frequencies and reflect a wide range as well.

62
Q

Pigments reflect…

A

a mixture of colors

63
Q

When paints or dyes are ____, the _________ absorbs all the __________ each paint or dye in it absorbs.

A

mixed; mixture; frequencies

64
Q

Blue PAINT reflects mostly blue light, but also violet and green but…

A

it absorbs red, orange, and yellow light

65
Q

Magenta, yellow, and cyan are the…

A

Subtractive primary colors

66
Q

If a sound beam of a particular frequency is directed to a tuning fork of similar frequency, then…

A

the tuning forl will be set into vibration and effectively redirest the beam in multiple directions. The tuning fork scatters the sound

67
Q

What is scattering?

A

A process in which sound ot light is absorbed and reemitted in all directions

68
Q

How is light scattered in the atmosphere?

A

By molecules and larger specks of matter that are far apart from one another

69
Q

What do we know about atoms and molecules?

A

We know that atoms and molecules behave light tiny optical tuning forks and reemit light waves that shine on them.

70
Q

The tinier the the particle…

A

the higher the with higher notes than larger bells

71
Q

The nitrogen and oxygen molecules and the tiny particles that make up the atmosphere are like tiny bells that “ring” with…

A

high frequencies when energized by sunlight

72
Q

Most of the ultraviolet light from the sun is…

A

absorbed by a protective layer of ozone gas in the upper atmosphere

73
Q

The remaining ultraviolet sunlight passing through the atmosphere is..

A

scattered by atmospheric particles and molecules

74
Q

Why is the sky blue?

A

The sky is blue b/c its component particles scatter high-frequency light

75
Q

What light is scattered the most?

A

violet light, then blue, green, yellow, orange, red

76
Q

When there are a lot of particles of dust and other paricles larger than oxygen and nitrogen molecules then…

A

the lower frequencies of light are scattered more, it makes the sky less blue

77
Q

What do different-size droplets result in?

A

A variety of frequencies for scattered light: low frequencies from larger droplets and high frequencies from tinier droplets of water molecules. The overall result is a large cloud.

78
Q

Why are clouds bright?

A

The electrons in a tiny droplet vibrate togethr and in step, which results in the scattering of a greater amount of energy than when the same number of electrons vibrate separately.

79
Q

The lower frequencies of light are scatterd the _______by nitrogen and oxygen molecules so…

A

least; red, orange, and yellow light are transmitted through the atomsphere more readily than violet and blue.

80
Q

By the time a beam of light gets to the ground at sunset…

A

all of the high-frequency light has already been scattered. Only the lower fequencies remain, reaulting in a red sunset

81
Q

What does the ocean reflect?

A

The color of the sky.

82
Q

What is water transparent to?

A

Nearly all the visible frequencies of light.

83
Q

Why do water molecule absorb infrared waves?

A

Because they resonante to the frequencies of infrared.

84
Q

The energy of the infrared waves is transformed into…

A

kinetic energy

85
Q

What does infrared do?

A

Infrared is a strong component of the sunlight that warms water.

86
Q

Water molecules resonante somewhat to…

A

the visible-red frequencies, this causes a gradual absorptionof red light by water

87
Q

Why is water greenish-blue?

A

Water is greenish blue b/c water molecules absorb red

88
Q

When made to emit light , every element has…

A

its own characteristic colors

89
Q

The color is a…

A

blend of various frequencies of light

90
Q

Light of each frequency is emitted when…

A

the electrons in an atom change energy states

91
Q

When an atom absorbs external energy…

A

one or more of its electrons is boosted to a higher energy level

92
Q

Excited State

A

A state with greater energy than the atom’s lowest energy state

93
Q

Is the excited state permanent?

A

No

94
Q

After an excited atom emits light…

A

it returns to its normal state

95
Q

The frequency of the emitted photon, or its color, is directly proportional to…

A

the energy transition of the electron

96
Q

A photon carries…

A

An amount of energy that correpsonds to its frequency.

97
Q

When many atoms in a material are excited…

A

many photons with many different frequencies are emitted, all corresponding to transitions of electron between many different levels

98
Q

Measuring the frequencies of light in a spectrum is also…

A

measuring the relative energy levels in the atom emitting that light

99
Q

Spectroscope

A

An instrument that measures the light from glowing elements

100
Q

When light from a glowing element is analyzed through a spectroscope…

.

A

it is found that the colors are the composite of a variety of different frequencies of light.

101
Q

Line spectrum

A

A pattern of distinct lines of color, with each line corresponding to a frequency of light

102
Q

How is a clear spectrum produced?

A

When atoms are made to glow in the gaseous phase.

Preparation for Physics Final (11 decks)

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