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Preparation for Physics Final > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who discovered that the time a pendulum takes to swing back and forth through small angles depends only on the length of the pendulum—the mass has no effect?

A

Galileo

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2
Q

Period

A

The time of a back-and-forth swing of the pendulum

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3
Q

What does the period of the pendulum depend on?

A

Only on the length of a pendulum and the acceleration of gravity

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4
Q

4). Does a long pendulum have a longer period or does a shorter pedulum have a longer period.

A

long pendulum

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5
Q

5). Why does a long pendulum have a longer period?

A

it swings back and forth more slowly—less frequently—than a short pendulum

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6
Q

What is the back-and-forth vibratory motion (often called oscillatory motion) of a swinging pendulum called?

A

simple harmonic motion

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7
Q

What is a sine curve?

A

a pictorial representation of a wave

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8
Q

What is the source of all waves?

A

something that vibrates

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9
Q

crests

A

the high points on a wave

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10
Q

The low points on a wave are called..

A

troughs

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11
Q

What does the term amplitude refer to?

A

the distance from the midpoint to the crest (or trough) of the wave

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12
Q

What does the amplitude equal?

A

the maximum displacement from equilibrium

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13
Q

What is the wavelength of a wave?

A

the distance from the top of one crest to the top of the next one/the distance between successive identical parts of the wave

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14
Q

What are the wavelength at the beach measured in?

A

meters

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15
Q

What are the wavelengths in the pond measured in?

A

centimeters

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16
Q

What is an object’s frquency>

A

The number of vibrations an object makes in a unit of time

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17
Q

A complete back-and-forth vibration is…

A

one cycle

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18
Q

The frequency of the vibrating source and the frequency of the wave it produces are the same. T OR F

A

True

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19
Q

The unit of frequency is called the…

A

hertz (Hz)

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20
Q

A frequency of one cycle per second is _______, two cycles per second is _______.

A

1Hz; 2Hz

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21
Q

Higher frequencies are measured in…

A

Kilohertz and/or Megahertz

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22
Q

Formula for frequency and period

A

frequency = 1/period; period = 1/frequency

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23
Q

How does most of the information around us get to us?

A

In some form of wave

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24
Q

Sound is energy that…

A

travels to our ears in the form of a wave

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25
Q

Light is energy that…

A

comes to our eyes in the form of a different kind of wave (an electromagnetic wave)

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26
Q

When energy is transferred by a wave from a ___________source to a distant __________, there is no _________of matter between the two points.

A

vibrating; receiver; transfer

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27
Q

When an end of the string is shaken, a rhythmic disturbance travels along the string, the _________that moves along the length of the string.

A

disturbance

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28
Q

When a stone is dropped in a quiet pondm the disturbance moves and the water doesn’t and the disturbance passes, where does the water end up?

A

right where it was before the wave passes

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29
Q

When someone speaks to you from across the room, the disturbance in the air that travels across the room. Do the air molecules move?

A

No, they are the medium through which wave energy travels.

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30
Q

The energy __________by a _____from a ___________source to a ________is carried by a __________in a ___________.

A

transferred; wave; vibrating; disturbance; receiver; mediu,

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31
Q

What does the speed of a wave depend on?

A

the medium through which the wave
moves

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32
Q

Are the speed, wavelength, and frequency, no matter the medium, aslways related?

A

Yes

33
Q

You can calculate the speed of multiplying the…

A

wavelength by the frequency

34
Q

Long wavelengths have ______frequencies and short wavelengths have _________frequencies.

A

low; high

35
Q

Wavelength and frequency vary ________to produce the same wave speed for all sound.

A

inversely

36
Q

Transverse wave

A

Whenever the motion of the medium is at right angles to the direction in which
a wave travels

37
Q

Waves in the stretched strings of musical instruments and the _____________aves that make up radio eaves and light are transverse.

A

electromagnetic

38
Q

Are all waves transverse?

A

No

39
Q

Sometimes the particles of the ________move back and forth in the ________direction in which the wave travels.

A

medium; same

40
Q

Longitudinal wave

A

When the particles oscillate parallel to or along the direction of the wave rather than at right angles to it

41
Q

What waves are longitudinal waves

A

sound waves

42
Q

How are transverse waves demonstrated in a slinky?

A

By shaking it up and down

43
Q

How are longitudinal waves demonstrated in a slinky?

A

By shaking the end in and out.

44
Q

Interference pattern

A

A regular arrangement of places where wave effects are increased, decreased, or neutralized.

45
Q

When do interfernce patterns occur?

A

When waves from different dources arrive at the same - at the same time

46
Q

Constructive Interference

A

the crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another and their individual effects add together

47
Q

What is the result of constructive interference?

A

A wave of increased amplitude (reinforcement)

48
Q

Destructive Interference

A

the crest of one wave overlaps the trough of another and their individual effects are reduced (cancellation)

49
Q

Where wave interference easiest to see?

A

In water

50
Q

What happens along the regions where waves cancel each other out>

A

The two objects arrive “out of step”/”out of phase”

51
Q

What happens when waves are “out of phase”

A

the crests of one wave overlap the troughs of another to produce regions of zero amplitude

52
Q

What happens when waves are “in phase”

A

the crests of one wave overlap the crests of the other, and the troughs overlap as well

53
Q

What is the moiré pattern is formed similar to?

A

the interference pattern of waves

54
Q

Is interference a characteristic of all wave motions?

A

Yes

55
Q

Standing wave

A

a wave that appears to stay in one place—it does not seem to move through the medium

56
Q

What are nodes?

A

the stationary points on a standing wave

57
Q

What are antinodes?

A

The positions on a standing wave with the largest amplitudes

58
Q

Where do antinodes occur?

A

halfways between nodes

59
Q

Standing waves are the result of interference. T or F

A

True

60
Q

When two waves of equal amplitude and wavelength pass through each other in opposite directions, the waves are…

A

always out of phase at the nodes

61
Q

How can you produce a variety of standing waves?

A

By shaking the rope at different frequencies

62
Q

A standing wave forms only if ________a wavelength or a __________of _______a wavelength fits exactly into the length of the _____________ __________.

A

half; multiple; half; vibrating medium

63
Q

If you increase the frequency, you…

A

increase the amount of interesting waves

64
Q

Can standing waves be produced in either transverse or longitudinal waves?

A

Yes

65
Q

Situation: bug is treading in water in a fixed position.
what type of circle does the crests of its wave make?

A

concentric

66
Q

If the bug bobs in the water at a constant frequency, the distance between wave crests (wavelength) will be what for all successive waves? Is the frequency the same as well?

A

the same; the same

67
Q

What happens when the jiggling bug moves across the water at a speed less than the wave speed?

A

The bug chases part of the crests it has produced, the wave pattern is distorted and is no longer concentric.

68
Q

As a wave source approaches, an observer encounters waves with a ________frequency . As the wave source moves away, an observer encounters waves with a ________frequency

A

higher; lower

69
Q

Doppler effect

A

This apparent change in frequency due to the motion of the source (or receiver)

70
Q

Water waves spread over the ____________surface of the water

A

flat

71
Q

Sound and light waves, on the other hand, travel in ______________.

A

three-dimensional space in all directions like an expanding balloon.

72
Q

When the firetruck approaches, the pitch sounds higher than normal. Why?

A

This occurs because the sound wave crests are encountering you more frequently

73
Q

An increase in frequency in light is called…

A

a blue shift, bc the increase is toward the high-frequency, or blue, end of the color spectrum

74
Q

A decrease in frequency in light is called…

A

a red shift, bc the increase is toward the low-frequency, or red, end of the color spectrum

75
Q

A bow wave occurs when…

A

a wave source moves faster than the wave it produces.

76
Q

What is the shape of the bow wave

A

A v shape

77
Q

What is a shock wave?

A

a three-dimensional wave that consists of overlapping spheres that form a cone

78
Q

When does a shock wave occur?

A

When an object moves faster than the speed of sound

79
Q

When do we hear a sonic boom on an aircraft?

A

Only when the craft moves faster than sound do the crests overlap and encounter the listener in a single burst

Preparation for Physics Final (11 decks)

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