Chapter 27 (Period 7.1) Flashcards
What marked a key change in American expansion in 1893?
Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the western frontier is closed
What were the key motives for Imperialism?
Economic: Wanted access to new markets and to cheap raw materials
Political: Wanted to compete with other nations and not become a second-rate empire
Strategic: Wanted to acquire naval bases
Ideological: Idea of the “White Man’a Burden”
What specific historian example shows the US desire to acquire naval bases overseas?
Alfred T.Mahan’s “ The Influence of Sea Power”
What was a big reason for the construction of the Panama Canal?
The desire for naval bases Ideological
What was a big reason for the construction of the Panama Canal?
The desire for naval bases
What’s another piece of evidence that agrees with the White Man’s Burden?
Rev. Josiah Strong’s “Our Country” which states that Anglo-Saxon civilization is superior
How did the U.S. slowly assert control over Hawaii?
Initially through American missionaries which led to American sugar and pineapple planters buying up the land
Who is a major example of planter who helped America assert control over Hawaii?
The Dole Family
When are what was the first US established naval base in Hawaii?
Pearl Harbor in 1887
Who was Queen Liliuokalani and what happened to her?
An in-power advocate that Hawaii should controlled by Hawaiian People and was overthrown by plantation owners in 1893.
When was Hawaii annexed and who annexed it?
1898 by William McKinley
Who controlled Cuba in the 19th century?
Spain
Who took controversial steps to the Cuban revolts against Spanish rule and what were they?
General “Butcher” Wyler and he implemented concentration camps which led to lots of starvation and disease among Cubans
Why did the U.S care about the Cuban revolts against Spain?
- The U.S. had investments in sugar plantations there
- sympathy for the plight of the Cuban people
- De Lome Letter
What was a key factor in growing sympathy for the Cuban cause against Spain?
Yellow Journalism which exaggerated the reporting of Spanish injustices to increase viewership
What was the De Lome Letter?
An occurrence when a Spanish official disrespected President McKinley hitting the pride of the American people
What official event sparked the Spanish-American War?
The Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine off of the coast of Cuba and the Yellow Press blames Spain
When did the United States declare war against Spain and when did the War end?
April 1898 - August 1898
Only 4 months long with 400 deaths
What did John Hay nickname the Spanish American War?
A splendid little war
What were some key battles and figures in the United States decimation of Spain?
- George Dewey crushes the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay
- Theodore Roosevelt led a volunteer regiment called the “Rough Riders” in the Battle of San Juan Hill
What is the domestic response to the Treaty of Paris 1898?
Controversy in the United States over what to do with the newly acquired territories
What does the Treaty of Paris 1898 states?
It stated that the United States would acquire Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Phillipines
What was the group of people called who opposed the annexation of the Phillipines?
The Anti-Imperialist League
What where 3 key members of the Anti-Imperialist League?
Andrew Carnegie, AFL Leader Samuel Grompers, Mark Twain, etc.
Why was the Treaty of 1898 ratified?
Because McKinley favored expansion
What was the Platt Ammendment?
- The replacement of the Teller Ammendment.
- Made a Cuba a protectorate that could not sign a treaty withs foreign nation that limited its independence
- The United States could maintain a naval base at Guantanamo Bay
When did the US technically leave Cuba?
1902
What was the Foracker Act 1900?
- Puerto Rico was granted limited degree of popular government but was withheld full self-rule
What were the Insular Cases?
They stated that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to people in all U.S. territorial possesions
Who was Emilio Aguinado?
The leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain who fought alongside the US with hopes of independence
When did the Philippines officially receive independence?
1946
What was a main reason that the US was interested in the Phillipnes?
They wanted access to the markets in China
What was the Open Door Policy which John Hay announced in 1899?
That all nations should have equal trading rights with China to combat the exclusive Spheres of Influence which prohibited that
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
An attempt to remove foreign influence such as Christianity from China but was put down by an international force which included the USA
What is Big Sister policy that James G Blaine pushed?
It emphasized rallying the Latin American nations behind America’s leadership and the opening of Latin American markets to Americab traders.
What is a specific instance that illustrates the US new aggressive nature?
The States risking to go to War with Germany over the Samoan Islands.
What is the Great Rapprochement?
The reconciliation between the United States and Britain as their friendship became a key part of their foreign policies
Who were
What will Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy be?
Expansionist where he uses diplomacy often but doesn’t back down from using force” if necessary. “Speak softly but carry a big stick
What is the importance of the Panama Canal and why were there so many attempts to build it?
It would dramatically cut down travel time. It held major trade and military implications as well.
How is Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy demonstrated through the construction of the Panama Canal?
He initially tried to negotiate a pretty with Colombia but it was rejected so he supported the Panamanian Independence Movement to overthrow Colombia in order to build his canal.
What was the name of the treaty that granted the United States the ability to construct the Panama Canal?
The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
When was the Panama Canal constructed and what was a consequence of it?
1904-1914 and strained relationships between the United States and Latin America
What prompted Theodore Roosevelt to issue the Roosevelt Corollary?
Various Latin American nations such as Santo Domingo and Venezuela owed European countries such as Germany and England money so Europe kept intervening with Latin America by sending battleships.
What was the Roosevelt Corollary?
The US has the right to intervene in Latin America and will send the warships to collect the debt. This dramatically expanded the role the US had in Latin America
What are some examples of when the Roosevelt Corollary was used?
Various presidents such as Wilson and Taft would send troops to Haiti, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua.
What does the Roosevelt Corollary illustrate?
Growing US presence abroad
What was the Russo-Japanese War and why is it significant in US history?
It was Japan’s beatdown of Russia in 1905. Roosevelt helped negotiate the peace treaty and was worried that Japan was growing too powerful
What was the Gentlemen’s Agreement?
Japan secretly agreed to restrict the emigration to America by Japanese workers while Roosevelt would pressure California to repeal its law that discriminated Asian-Americans. (San Francisco required Asian students to attend segregated schools)
What was yellow peril?
Fears that Asians would invade the US lands and distrust western values.
When and what was the Great White Fleet and what does it demonstrate?
In 1907-1908 when Roosevelt sends a new fleet of US battleships on a trip around the world to demonstrate US growing power.
Who were insurrectos?
Cubans who torched cane fields and sugar mills to rebel against the Spanish which menaced US interests
What was benevolent assimilation and who did the US use it on?
President McKinley’s plan to slowly assimilate the Filipinos through road improvements, sanitation, and public health. The plan also set ip a a school system with English as the second language
What was the Filipino response to benevolent assimilation?
They hated it so they set up the Philippines Commission in 1899 to set up a Filipino government and they started a rebellion which involved 3 years of guerrilla warfare.
What was the Root-Takahira Agreement between the US and Japan?
They agreed to respect each others’ territories in 1907
