Chapter 26 Key Terms

Question 0

Mahmud II

Answer 0

19th-century Ottoman sultan who built a private, professional army; crushed the Janissaries and initiated reforms on Western precedents.

Question 1

Selim III

Answer 1

Ottoman sultan (1789–1807); attempted to improve administrative efficiency and build a new army and navy; assassinated by Janissaries.

Question 2

Tanzimat reforms

Answer 2

Western-style reforms within the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; included a European-influenced constitution in 1876.

Question 3

Abdul Hamid

Answer 3

Ottoman sultan (1878–1908) who tried to return to despotic absolutism; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties.

Question 4

Ottoman Society for Union and Progress

Answer 4

Young Turks; intellectuals and political agitators seeking the return of the 1876 constitution; gained power through a coup in 1908.

Question 5

Mamluks

Answer 5

rulers of Egypt under the Ottomans; defeated by Napoleon in 1798; revealed the vulnerability of the Muslim world.
Murad: Mamluk leader at the time of Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt; defeated by French forces.

Question 6

Muhammad Ali

Answer 6

controlled Egypt following the French withdrawal; began a modernization process based on Western models, but failed to greatly change Egypt; died in 1848.

Question 7

Khedives

Answer 7

descendants of Muhammad Ali and rulers of Egypt until 1952.

Question 8

Suez Canal

Answer 8

built to link the Mediterranean and Red seas; opened in 1869; British later occupied Egypt to safeguard their financial and strategic interests.

Question 9

Al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh

Answer 9

Muslim thinkers in Egypt during the latter part of the 19th century; stressed the need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology and the importance of rational inquiry within Islam.

Question 10

Ahmad Orabi

Answer 10

Student of Muhammad Abduh; led a revolt in 1882 against the Egyptian government; defeated when the khedive called in British aid.

Question 11

Mahdi

Answer 11

Muhammad Achmad, the leader of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; began a holy war against the Egyptians and British and founded a state in the Sudan.

Question 12

Khalifa Abdallahi

Answer 12

successor of the Mahdi; defeated and killed by British General Kitchener in 1898.

Question 13

Nurhaci: (1559–1626)

Answer 13

united the Manchus in the early 17th century; defeated the Ming and established the bhQing dynasty.

Question 14

Banner armies

Answer 14

The forces of Nurhaci; formed of cavalry units, each identified by a flag.
Kangxi: Qing ruler and Confucian scholar (1661–1722); promoted Sinification among the Manchus.

Question 15

Compradors

Answer 15

wealthy group of merchants under the Qing; specialized in the import-export trade on China’s south coast.

Question 16

Lin Zexu

Answer 16

19th-century Chinese official charged during the 1830s with ending the opium trade in southern China; set off the events leading to the Opium War.

Question 17

Opium War

Answer 17

fought between Britain and Qing China beginning in 1839 to protect the British trade in opium; British victory demonstrated Western superiority over China.

Question 18

Taiping Rebellion

Answer 18

massive rebellion in southern China in the 1850s and 1860s led by Hong Xinquan; sought to overthrow the Qing dynasty and Confucianism.

Question 19

Cixi

Answer 19

conservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty.

Question 20

Boxer Rebellion

Answer 20

popular outburst aimed at expelling foreigners from China; put down by intervention of the Western powers.

Question 21

Sun Yat-sen: (1866–1925);

Answer 21

Chinese revolutionary leader, of scholar-gentry background.

Question 22

Puyi

Answer 22

last Qing ruler; deposed in 1912.