Chapter 23 Key Terms

Question 0

Proto-industrialization

Answer 0

preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; prelude to the Industrial Revolution.

Question 1

Population revolution

Answer 1

huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization.

Question 2

American Revolution

Answer 2

rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States.

Question 3

French Revolution

Answer 3

overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon’s French Empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe.

Question 4

Louis XVI

Answer 4

Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution.

Question 5

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Answer 5

adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements.

Question 6

Guillotine

Answer 6

introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror.

Question 7

Maximilien Robespierre

Answer 7

leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution; presided over the Reign of Terror; arrested and executed by moderate revolutionaries.

Question 8

Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 8

army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815.

Question 9

Congress of Vienna

Answer 9

met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power.

Question 10

Liberalism

Answer 10

political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.

Question 11

Radicals

Answer 11

followers of a 19th-century western European political emphasis: advocated broader voting rights than liberals; urged reforms favoring the lower classes.

Question 12

Socialism

Answer 12

political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class.

Question 13

Nationalism

Answer 13

European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other “isms”; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins.

Question 14

Greek Revolution

Answer 14

rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan empire.

Question 15

French Revolution of 1830

Answer 15

second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement which created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy

Question 16

Belgian Revolution of 1830

Answer 16

produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy.

Question 17

Reform Bill of 1832

Answer 17

British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class.

Question 18

James Watt

Answer 18

devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution.

Question 19

Factory system

Answer 19

intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline.

Question 20

French Revolution of 1848

Answer 20

Overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the second French Republic.

Question 21

Revolutions of 1848

Answer 21

the nationalist and liberal movements within the Habsburg Empire (Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary); after temporary success they were suppressed.

Question 22

Louis Pasteur

Answer 22

discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him.

Question 23

Benjamin Disraeli

Answer 23

British politician; granted the vote to working-class males in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform.

Question 24

Camillo di Cavour

Answer 24

architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the King of Piedmont.

Question 25

Otto von Bismarck

Answer 25

conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; utilized liberal reforms to maintain stability.

Question 26

American Civil War (1861–1865)

Answer 26

fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States.

Question 27

Social question

Answer 27

issues relating to workers and women, in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870.

Question 28

Karl Marx

Answer 28

German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship.

Question 29

Revisionism

Answer 29

socialist thought that disagreed with Marx’s formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions.

Question 30

Feminist movements

Answer 30

sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women. GO WOMEN

Question 31

Mass leisure culture

Answer 31

an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports.

Question 32

Charles Darwin

Answer 32

biologist who developed the theory of evolution of the species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.

Question 33

Albert Einstein

Answer 33

formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; about 1900 issued the theory of relativity.

Question 34

Sigmund Freud

Answer 34

Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses.

Question 35

Romanticism

Answer 35

19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.

Question 36

American exceptionalism

Answer 36

historical argument that the development of the United States was largely individualistic and that contact with Europe was incidental to American formation.

Question 37

Triple Alliance

Answer 37

alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.

Question 38

Triple Entente

Answer 38

agreement between Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.

Question 39

Balkan nationalism

Answer 39

Movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I.