Chapter 25 Key Terms Flashcards
Miguel de Hidalgo
Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed.
Toussaint L’Overture
leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804.
Augustín de Iturbide
conservative Creole officer in the Mexican army who joined the independence movement; made emperor in 1821.
Simon Bolívar
Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia.
Gran Colombia
existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate independent nations.
José de San Martín
leader of movements in Rio de la Plata that led to the independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movements in Chile and Peru.
John VI
Portuguese monarch who fled the French to establish his court in Brazil from 1808 to 1820; Rio de Janeiro became the real capital of the Portuguese Empire.
Pedro I
son and successor of John VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor.
Andrés Santa Cruz
mestizo general, would-be leader of a united Peru and Bolivia; the union never took place.
Caudillos
leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government.
Centralists
Latin American politicians who favored strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by conservative politicians.
Federalists
Latin American politicians who favored regional governments rather than centralized administrations; often supported by liberal politicians.
Monroe Doctrine
United States declaration of 1823 that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act.
Guano
bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; a major Peruvian export between 1850 and 1880.
Positivism
a philosophy based on the ideas of Auguste Comte; stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society.
Antonio López de Santa Anna
Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835.
Manifest Destiny
belief in the United States that it was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
Mexican-American War: (1846–1848)
American expansion leads to dispute over California and Texas.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)
ratified by the United States; Mexico lost one-half of national its territory.
Benito Juárez
Indian lawyer and politician who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna; defeated by the French who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867 to 1872.
La Reforma
name of Juárez’s liberal revolution.
Maximilian von Habsburg
Austrian archduke proclaimed Emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862; after the French withdrawal he was executed in 1867.
Gauchos
mounted rural workers in the Rio de la Plata region.
Juan Manuel de Rosas
federalist leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy.
Argentine Republic
replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists.
Domingo F. Sarmiento
liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade and launched reforms in education and transportation.
Fazendas
Coffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery.
Modernization theory
the belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed.
Dependency theory
the belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but were part of the same process; that development and growth of areas like western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions like Latin America.
Porfirio Díaz
one of Juárez’s generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876 and dominated politics for 35 years.
Cientificos
advisors to Díaz’s government who were influenced strongly by positivist ideas.
Spanish-American War
fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; resulted in annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines; permitted American intervention in the Caribbean.
Panama Canal
the United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panama isthmus.
