Chapter 25 Key Terms

Question 0

Miguel de Hidalgo

Answer 0

Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed.

Question 1

Toussaint L’Overture

Answer 1

leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804.

Question 2

Augustín de Iturbide

Answer 2

conservative Creole officer in the Mexican army who joined the independence movement; made emperor in 1821.

Question 3

Simon Bolívar

Answer 3

Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia.

Question 4

Gran Colombia

Answer 4

existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate independent nations.

Question 5

José de San Martín

Answer 5

leader of movements in Rio de la Plata that led to the independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movements in Chile and Peru.

Question 6

John VI

Answer 6

Portuguese monarch who fled the French to establish his court in Brazil from 1808 to 1820; Rio de Janeiro became the real capital of the Portuguese Empire.

Question 7

Pedro I

Answer 7

son and successor of John VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor.

Question 8

Andrés Santa Cruz

Answer 8

mestizo general, would-be leader of a united Peru and Bolivia; the union never took place.

Question 9

Caudillos

Answer 9

leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government.

Question 10

Centralists

Answer 10

Latin American politicians who favored strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by conservative politicians.

Question 11

Federalists

Answer 11

Latin American politicians who favored regional governments rather than centralized administrations; often supported by liberal politicians.

Question 12

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 12

United States declaration of 1823 that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act.

Question 13

Guano

Answer 13

bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; a major Peruvian export between 1850 and 1880.

Question 14

Positivism

Answer 14

a philosophy based on the ideas of Auguste Comte; stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society.

Question 15

Antonio López de Santa Anna

Answer 15

Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835.

Question 16

Manifest Destiny

Answer 16

belief in the United States that it was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Question 17

Mexican-American War: (1846–1848)

Answer 17

American expansion leads to dispute over California and Texas.

Question 18

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)

Answer 18

ratified by the United States; Mexico lost one-half of national its territory.

Question 19

Benito Juárez

Answer 19

Indian lawyer and politician who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna; defeated by the French who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867 to 1872.

Question 20

La Reforma

Answer 20

name of Juárez’s liberal revolution.

Question 21

Maximilian von Habsburg

Answer 21

Austrian archduke proclaimed Emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862; after the French withdrawal he was executed in 1867.

Question 22

Gauchos

Answer 22

mounted rural workers in the Rio de la Plata region.

Question 23

Juan Manuel de Rosas

Answer 23

federalist leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy.

Question 24

Argentine Republic

Answer 24

replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists.

Question 25

Domingo F. Sarmiento

Answer 25

liberal politician and president of the Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade and launched reforms in education and transportation.

Question 26

Fazendas

Answer 26

Coffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery.

Question 27

Modernization theory

Answer 27

the belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed.

Question 28

Dependency theory

Answer 28

the belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but were part of the same process; that development and growth of areas like western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions like Latin America.

Question 29

Porfirio Díaz

Answer 29

one of Juárez’s generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876 and dominated politics for 35 years.

Question 30

Cientificos

Answer 30

advisors to Díaz’s government who were influenced strongly by positivist ideas.

Question 31

Spanish-American War

Answer 31

fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; resulted in annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines; permitted American intervention in the Caribbean.

Question 32

Panama Canal

Answer 32

the United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panama isthmus.