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Biology II > Chapter 26 & 32: Seed Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 26 & 32: Seed Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Life Cycle of a Conifer: The conifer tree is _____ and is _____ .

A

sporophyte (2n), monoecious

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2
Q

Life Cycle of a Conifer: Heterosporous produces what two things?

A
  • microsporangia produce male microspores
  • megasporangia produce female megaspores
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3
Q

Life Cycle of a Conifer: Microsporangia are located on ______.

A

male pollen cones

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4
Q

Life Cycle of a Conifer: Microsporocytes are ______ cells within the _______.

A

diploid (2n), microsporangium

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5
Q

Microsporocytes produce _____ microspores via _____.

A

haploid, meiosis

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6
Q

The microsporophytes’s microspores undergo _____ to produce the male gametophyte, _____.

A

mitosis, pollen grand.

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7
Q

Pollen is surrounded by ______.

A

sporopollen

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8
Q

Pollen undergoes_____ to produce two ____ cells.

A

mitosis, haploid

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9
Q

The generative cell undergoes mitosis to produce _____
sperm cells
The pollen tube cell undergoes mitosis to produce the _______.

A

haploid, pollen tube

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10
Q

Gymnosperm Male Gametophyte: Male pollen cone contains…

A

microsporangia (plural),
microsporangium (singular)

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11
Q

Microsporangia are _____ (2n) and
contain _________.

A

Diploid, microsporophytes.
- Diploid cells that divide via meiosis to
produce 4 haploid microspores which each turn into pollen

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12
Q

Each pollen grain contains two
haploid cells which are?

A

Pollen tube cell and generative cell

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13
Q

Life Cycle of a Conifer: Megasporangia are located on______.

A

female ovulate cones
- are diploid and contain megasporocytes

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14
Q

Life Cycle of a Conifer: Megasporocytes are _____(2n) cells within the ______.

A

diploid, megasporangium

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15
Q

Megasporophyctes produces ____ haploid cells via _____. only one surives to become the megaspore which becomes the female gametophyte which produces the _____ that produces a haploid cell which produces an egg via mitosis.

A

4, meiosis, archegonium

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16
Q

Gymnosperm Female Gametophyte: When the pollen grain lands at the base of the female scale, the _______ cell germinates, creating a pollen tube, towards the female gametophyte

A

haploid pollen tube

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17
Q

Conifer Fertilization: As the pollen tube grows, the _______ (in the pollen) undergoes mitosis to produce two haploid sperm

A

haploid generative cell

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18
Q

Conifer Fertilization: One of the haploid sperm will ___ with the haploid egg

A

fuse

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19
Q

Conifer Fertilization: The resulting ______ will divide via _____ to become the seed* It is enclosed in a seed coat from sporophyte tissue.

A

diploid embryo, mitosis

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20
Q

Conifer Fertilization: The seed contains three generations of tissue: (this process takes 2 years)

A
  • Seed coat from the sporophyte
  • Nutritive tissue from the gametophyte
  • Embryo tissue (the new sporophyte)
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21
Q

Angiosperm are ______ plant group.

A

dominant terrestial

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22
Q

What are angiosperm’s two novel adaptions?

A
  • Flowers
  • Ensures pollination and protects embryo (seed)
  • Fruit
  • Embryo (seed) protection and dispersal
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23
Q

Angiosperms can be _____ or ______.

A

monoecious, dioecious

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24
Q

Angiosperm pollination is possible by ___,___,____.

A

wind, insects, mammals

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25
Q

Vessel cells in ____ tissue.

A

xylem, More efficient than tracheids at conducting water

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26
Q

Angiosperm Flowers have Modified leaves organized around a ____.

A

central recepticle.

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27
Q

main anatomy of a flower are the______.

A

petals, carpals, stamen, and sepals

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28
Q

Sepals on the flower are ______.

A

photosynthetic

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29
Q

_____ is called gynoecium, female sex organ
* Stigma, style, ovary

A

Carpal

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30
Q

_____ is called androecium, male sex organ
* Anther, filament

A

Stamen

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31
Q

Perfect flower have ____ and ____ making them Monoecious.

A

carpals, stamen

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32
Q

Imperfect flowers have ____ OR _____ making them ______.

A

carpals, stamen, dioecious

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33
Q

The ______ is the innermost part of the flower
where the egg will form in the carpel.

A

gynoecium

34
Q

Gynoecium: Plants can have one or more ______.

A

carpal

35
Q

Each carpel consists of a ____, __, and ___

A

stigma, style, and ovary

36
Q

Stigma is where the _____ is deposited.

A

pollen

37
Q

_____ is the tube through which the pollen tube will
grow.

A

Style

38
Q

The _____ contains one or more ovules
* Megasporangia
* Each will eventually develop into a seed

A

ovary

39
Q

The ___ are the stamen.

A

androecium

40
Q

Stamen consist of ____ and ____.

A

filament, anther

41
Q

The ____ is the thin stalk that supports the anther

A

filament

42
Q

The _____ is sac-like structure where microsporangia
are located
* They will produce _____ which will develop into
pollen grains

A

anther, microspores

43
Q

Life Cycle of an Angiosperm:Pollen production: The plant is the sporophyte (2n) is _____ so, microsporangia produce male
microspores and megasporangia produce female
megaspores

A

heterosporous

44
Q

Which heterosporous is located in the anther?

A

Microsporangia

45
Q

Microsporocytes are diploid (2n) cells within the
microsporangium
* Produce haploid microspores via meiosis
* The microspore undergoes mitosis to produce the male
gametophyte, also called pollen
* Pollen grains have 2 haploid cells surrounded by sporopollenin
* 1 cell becomes the pollen tube cell
* 1 cell divides via mitosis to form two haploid sperm

A
  • 1 cell becomes the pollen tube cell
  • 1 cell divides via mitosis to form two haploid sperm
46
Q

Male flower is the ______
* Filament and anther
* Anther contains microsporangia

A

stamen

47
Q

Conifer Fertilization:The resulting ______ will divide via _____ to become the seed* It is enclosed in a seed coat from sporophyte tissue.

A

diploid embryo, mitosis

48
Q

Microsporangia are diploid (2n) and
contain microsporocytes
* Diploid cells that divide via meiosis to
produce haploid (n) microspores
* Each microspore “______” via
mitosis to become the__
gametophyte
* Pollen

A

germinates, male

49
Q

Angiosperm Male Gametophyte: Each pollen grain contains two
haploid cells which are?

A

Pollen tube cell and generative cell

50
Q

Life Cycle of an Angiosperm:
Egg production

A

The plant is the sporophyte (2n)
* Megasporangia are located in the ovule
* Megasporocytes are diploid (2n) cells within the
megasporangium
* Produce 4 haploid megaspores via meiosis
* Only the largest one survives to become the female
gametophyte

51
Q

Life Cycle of an Angiosperm:
Egg production: As the megasporocytes produces 4 haploid megaspores via meiosis, it divides three times via ___ to produce ____ nuclei distributed among seven cells

A

mitosis, eight

52
Q

_____cells are located at each pole of the _____ (this
accounts for 6 of the 7 cells)
* Three cells at one pole become the ___ and ______ (helper cells)
* Three cells at the other pole become _____.
* The center cell contains two nuclei (polar nuclei), will become
_____.

A
  • Three, embryo sac,
  • egg, 2 synergids
  • antipodal cells
  • endosperm
53
Q

So, the mature embryo sac contains:

A

1 egg, 2 synergids, 3 antipodal cells that degenerate, and a
central cell with 2 nuclei

54
Q

Angiosperm Female Gametophyte: Megaspore divides 3 times via mitosis but without cytokinesis each
time to produce 7 cells with 8 nuclei. What are the 7 cells?

A
  • 3 cells migrate to the top pole and
    become antipodal cells
  • 3 cells migrate to bottom pole and
    become the egg and 2 synergids
  • The center cell contains 2 nuclei,
    called polar nuclei
55
Q

Life Cycle of an Angiosperm: Double Fertilization: When pollen attaches to the ____, the pollen tube cell _____ from the pollen grain down through the style, and enters the ovule through the ______.

A

Stigma, germinates, micropyle.

56
Q

Generative cell divides to create two haploid sperm, how do they travel?

A

They travel down the pollen tube and are deposited in the embryo sac.

57
Q

Double fertilization occurs where?

A
  • 1 sperm and the egg fuse to form the diploid zygote (embryo seed)
  • 1 sperm fuses with the polar nuclei cell to form a triploid cell that will become the endosperm
  • Nutritive tissue for the embryo
58
Q

Life Cycle of an Angiosperm: The seed: The embryo seed develops to form a _____
(root) and either one or two leaf-like
structures called _____.

A

radicle, cotyledons

59
Q

The seed itself has a tough outer layer
called the _____, the _____ food
reserves for the embryo, and the embryo.

A

seed coat, endosperm

60
Q

Fruits are adaptations for ______.

A

seed dispersal

61
Q

Plants have two types of pollination

A
  • Self-pollination
  • Transfer of pollen from male to female on same plant
  • Gymnosperms: male cone to female cone on same tree
  • Angiosperms: male flower to female flower on same plant
  • Cross-pollination
  • Transfer of pollen from male of one plant to female of a different plant
62
Q

Gymnosperms have only ____ pollination

A

wind

63
Q

Angiosperms have _____.

A
  • Wind pollination
  • Insect pollination
  • Bird pollination
  • Bat pollination
64
Q

Many root/stem modifications are for asexual reproduction such as

A
  • Bulbs - lily
  • Tubers - potato
  • Corms - garlic
  • Rhizomes/stolons – ginger, strawberries
65
Q

Diversity of Angiosperms: One phylum, Anthophyta which makes this

A

monophyletic

66
Q

Diversity of Angiosperms: Three major groups:

A
  • Basal angiosperms (not going to cover these)
  • Monocots
  • Eudicots
67
Q

Diversity of Angiosperms: Monocots and Eudicots have differences in:

A
  • Number of cotyledons
  • Type of flowers
  • Leaf venation
  • Type of roots
  • Location of vascular bundles
  • Vascular bundle: transport tissue structure with both xylem and phloem conductive tissue present
  • Type of structural tissue
68
Q

Monocots: One cotyledon is the

A

First leaf in seedling

69
Q

Monocot flower parts are always in symmetry of ____

A

3 or 6

70
Q

Monocot leaf _____ is parallel along the length of the leaf. Multiple, fibrous roots

A

Venation

71
Q

Monocot Vascular bundles are ___ and are organized in a
_______.

A

scattered in stem, ring in root

72
Q

Monocot Woody tissue is ______ – ______ do not have secondary xylem.

A

secondary xylem, monocots

73
Q

monocot plant examples:

A

Grasses, palms, rice, corn, banana, etc.

74
Q

Eudicots: two cotyledon is the

A

first seedling

75
Q

Eudicots flower parts are in symmetry of __ or ___.

A

4, 5

76
Q

Eudicots leaf venation is ______.

A

networked

77
Q

Eudicot one main tap root with smaller _______.

A

fibrous roots attached

78
Q

Eudicot vascular bundles are organized in a _______.

A

ring in stem & root

79
Q

Eudicot can have woody tissue, woody tissue is secondary xylem – eudicots can have _______
(wood)

A

secondary xylem

80
Q

______ of all angiosperms are eudicots.

A

Two-thirds

81
Q

Examples of Eudicots

A
  • Apples, beans, oaks, roses, etc.
82
Q

____ of human diet is dependent upon seed plants

A

90%

Biology II (7 decks)

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