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Biology II > Chapter 21: Microbial Life - Viruses > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Microbial Life - Viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Virus Structure

A

Nucleic Acid surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid

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2
Q

A virus does not have/cannot

A

cellular organelles
Metabolism
Growth
Reproduce through mitosis or meiosis

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3
Q

Viruses infect

A

bacteria
fungus
plants
animals

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4
Q

Viruses are Obligate Parasites, what does this mean?

A

Cannot metabolize or reproduce without a host cell.

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5
Q

The 4 components that make up a virus:

A
  • Viral Nucleic Acid genome.
  • Capsid (capsomeres, proteins that make up the capsid).
  • Glycoproteins that allow the virus to latch onto host cells.
  • Some viruses have a surrounding envelope made of host cell receptors.
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6
Q

What are the 4 general structure groups for a Viral Capsid? (also classified by their type of nucleic acid)

A
  • helical
  • icosahedral
  • enveloped
  • head-and-tail
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7
Q

What is the structure of a helical virus?

A

-Tubular protein capsid
- nucleic acid
- most plants are helical

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8
Q

What is the structure of an icosahedral virus?

A
  • sphreical protein capsid
  • most common virus family is adenovirus and poliovirus
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9
Q

What is the structure of an enveloped virus?

A
  • have enveloped from the host cell membrane
  • surrounds spherical capsid
  • able to rapidly adapt to the host
    -Ex.) Flu, Covid-19, HIV
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10
Q

What is the structure of a head-and-tail virus?

A
  • icosahedral head and helical tail
  • most are bacteriophages, infects bacteria
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11
Q

DNA/RNA Viruses can be..

A
  • can be single or double stranded
  • can be linear or circular
  • DNA/RNA are used as genetic material
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12
Q

Where is the Viral Genome located?

A

-contained within the viral core

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13
Q

Small genomes are genes for making more of what?

A
  • more DNA/RNA
  • proteins for capsids
  • replication proteins not available in host cells
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14
Q

Transcription

A

DNA is used as a template to make mRNA, the mRNA created is “+mRNA”, and the strand used as a template is “-DNA strand”

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15
Q

Translation

A

mRNA is the template for building a protein

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16
Q

Which strand can attach to a ribosome and be translated to create a protein?

A

+mRNA

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17
Q

What directs the host cell’s replication enzymes to replicate the viral DNA rather than the host cell’s DNA?

A

Viral nucleic acid DNA, and then transcribes and translate the viral DNA into viral protein.

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18
Q

Human DNA viruses include:

A

chicken pox, herpes, and HPV.

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19
Q

DNA VIRUSES (BALTIMORE
CLASSIFICATION) Group I

A
  • double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)
  • (+/-)dsDNA is a template for transcription of +mRNA
    -ex.) herpes simplex virus
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20
Q

DNA VIRUSES (BALTIMORE
CLASSIFICATION) Group II

A
  • +single-stranded DNA (+ssDNA)
  • must turn into dsDNA in order to make mRNA
  • ex,) canine parvovirus
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21
Q

What encodes for replication enzyme (RNA polymerase) that replicates viral RNA into +mRNA to be used for translation?

A

Viral nucleic acid RNA

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22
Q

In the retroviruses, the RNA encodes for enzymes that replicate…

A

the viral RNA and DNA

23
Q

RNA polymerase is not a fastidious replication enzyme and often makes mistakes because:

A

RNA viruses mutate more frequently than DNA viruses.
RNA viruses are able to readily adapt to their host.

24
Q

Examples of Human RNA viruses are

A

measles, HIV, SARS-Covid 2

25
Q

RNA VIRUSES (BALTIMORE
CLASSIFICATION) Group III

A

-Double-stranded RNA
- +mRNA is transcribed from dsRNA in a similar fashion to dsDNA
- ex.) retrovirus

26
Q

RNA VIRUSES (BALTIMORE
CLASSIFICATION) Group IV

A
  • +single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA)
  • +ssRNA can serve as the +mRNA, and an intermediate -ssRNA is created using the +ssRNA as a template which can be used to transcribe +mRNA
    -SARS-Cov 2
27
Q

RNA VIRUSES (BALTIMORE
CLASSIFICATION) Group V

A
  • -single-stranded RNA (-ssRNA)
  • serves as the template to transcribe +mRNA
  • Rabies
28
Q

RETROVIRUSES (BALTIMORE
CLASSIFICATION) Group VI

A
  • +ssRNA
  • Reverse transcription into -ssDNA, which is then used to make its own complimentary DNA, yielding dsDNA, which is inserted into host DNA. Then used to transcribe +mRNA (+ssRNA>-ssDNA>(+/-)dsDNA> mRNA)
  • HIV
29
Q

RETROVIRUSES (BALTIMORE
CLASSIFICATION) Group VII

A
  • dsDNA transcribed to +ssRNA (that act as +mRNA) that is reverse transcribed to -ssDNA, then used to make dsDNA which are then inserted into host DNA. Then used to transcribe +mRNA((+/-)dsDNA comes apart and put back together to create +mRNA)
  • ex.) hepatitis B
30
Q

Most viruses have ______ on surface capsid that are recognized by the host cell receptors.

A

glycoproteins

31
Q

These cell receptors have normal cellular functions utilized by viruses.

A
  • cell-cell recognition
  • enzymatic activity
  • cell-cell anchors
32
Q

First two steps of the virus life cycle?

A
  • attachment: a virus attaches to host cell by its receptor
  • penetration: capsid or nucleic acid penetrates through the cell
33
Q

What are the 3 possible routes of entry?

A

-Virus binds to host membrane and injects its viral nucleic acid only into host cell cytoplasm.
- Virus bonds to host membrane and fuses its membrane with plasma host membrane and transfers its viral nucleic acid into host cell cytoplasm
- Virus binds to host membrane and entire virus is internalized by host cell

34
Q

Uncoating

A

Viral contents are released into host cell

35
Q

Replication

A

nucleic acid is replicated and mRNA is transcribed

36
Q

Assembly

A

+mRNA is used to create viral enzymes, capsid proteins, and viral nucleic acid

37
Q

Release

A

newly created viruses are released from the host cell.

38
Q

What are the 6 steps of the viral lifecycle?

A
  1. attachment
  2. penetration
  3. uncoating
  4. replication
  5. assembly
  6. release
39
Q

Lytic lifecycle in bacteriaphage

A
  • bacteriophages infect only bacteria in domain bacteria, kingdom Archaea have similar viruses.
    -the release of viruses destroys the host cell in lytic cycle
40
Q

Lysogenic lifecycle in bacteriophage

A
  • bacteriophages infect only bacteria in domain bacteria, kingdom Archaea have similar viruses.
  • host cell is not destroyed in the lysogenic cycle.
  • Viral DNA becomes integrated as a prophage in bacterial host, latency occurs in Eukaryotic viruses.
41
Q

_____, that infect plants & animals, can enter a ______ when they are not producing more viruses.

A

Eukaryotic viruses
- latency period

42
Q

After _____, virus settles in ______ and goes long periods of time w/ot producing new ones.

A

intial infection,
- nerve tissue
-ex,) herpes, HIV

43
Q

Virus are specific to what they infect such as

A
  • smallpox only infects human
  • plant viruses only infect plants.
  • rabies only infect mammals
44
Q

Horizontal Transmission:

A

from one organism to another

45
Q

Vertical Transmission:

A
  • from patient to offspring
  • ## occurs mostly in plants
46
Q

In plants, the virus cannot penetrate cell wall unless …

A

the cell wall is damaged.
in plants, viral infections are secondary to mechanical damage.

47
Q

Why can viruses infect animals easier than plants?

A

Animals do not have a cell wall.

48
Q

____ work by teaching the immune system to recognize and build immunity to specific viruses or bacteria

A

Vaccines

49
Q

_____ do not work on viruses, they treat infections.

A

Antibiotics

50
Q

There are many types of vaccines including:

A
  • live, attenuated- living but weakened version of virus. (MMR, smallpox, Chickenpox, yellow fever)
  • killed- entire virus killed (hepatitis A, flu, polio, rabies)
  • vaccines use subunits of the virus(nucleic acid, capsids, or other viral proteins)
    -mRNA vaccines such as flu, Zika, and rabies
51
Q

What virus is enveloped, has an -ssRNA, and spherical shaped?

A

Influenza FLU

52
Q

There are four types of influenza viruses:

A
  • type A: humans, birds, and pigs causes illness and death. 75% of seasonal flu
  • type B: humans and seals, causes illness and death
  • type C: humans, dogs, and pigs, very mild and no death
  • type D: cows and pigs
53
Q

Type A Influenza is divided into two surface proteins:

A
  • hemagglutinin (H) 18 varient types
  • neuraminidase (N) 11 variants

Biology II (7 decks)

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