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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 26&27 > Flashcards

Chapter 26&27 Flashcards

1
Q

Filtration

A

getting bad stuff out of the blood

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2
Q

Reabsorption

A

reabsorbs back into the vascular system

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3
Q

Secretion

A

active transport back into nefron

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4
Q

Functions of the kidneys

A

excrete waste
maintain fluid balance
regulate RBC production

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5
Q

Hilum

A

renal artery and nerves enter, renal vein and ureter exit kidneys here

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6
Q

Medulla

A

inner area, surrounds renal sinus

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7
Q

Renal pyramids

A

cone shaped, apex of pyramid is renal papilla, points twords sinus

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8
Q 
Place these in the correct order:
A) Renal Pelvis 
B) Calyces 
C) Urethra 
D) Bladder 
E) Ureter
A 
B) Calyces 
A) Renal Pelvis 
E) Ureter 
D) Bladder 
C) Urethra
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9
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

A

loops of Henle extend deep into the medulla

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10
Q

The renal corpuscle consist of what

A

Bowman capsule and Glomerulus

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11
Q

Visceral Layer

A

inner specialized podocytes that wrap around the glomerular capillaries

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12
Q

Fenestrate

A

window like openings in the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries

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13
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

sight of renin production, in fluence flow

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14
Q 
Place the order of Nephron in correct order:
A) Proximal Tubule 
B) Bouman Capsule 
C) Distal Tubule 
D) Loop of Henle
A

B) Bouman capsule
A) Proximal Tubule
D) Loop of Henle
C) Distal Tubule

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15
Q

What forces filtrate across filtration membrane

A

pressure difference

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16
Q

Filtration membrane

A

filtration barrier, it prevents blood cells and proteins from entering lumen of bowmns capsule

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17
Q

Some albumin and small hormonal proteins enter the filtrate but they are usually

A

reabsorbed

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18
Q

Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure

A

the pressure inside the bowman capsule (10 mm Hg) moves fluid from the Bowman capsule into the blood

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19
Q

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure

A

produced by the concentration of blood proteins in the glomerular capillaries (30 mm Hg) moves fluid from the bowman capsule into the blood by osmosis

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20
Q

Filtration Pressure

A

net pressure

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21
Q

Dilation of afferent arterioles/COnstriction of efferent arterioles increase glomerular capillary pressure, increasing filtration pressure, thus

A

glomerular filtration

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22
Q

Autoregulation

A

involves changes in degree of constriction in afferent arterioles

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23
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation

A

decreases renal blood flow

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24
Q

Degree Renal Flow

A

during shock or intense exercise intense sympathetic stimulation, rate of filtration formation drops to a few mm

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25
Q

Reabsorption in PCT

A

filtrate volume reduced by 65% due to osmosis of water, almost all glucose is reabsorbed here

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26
Q

Potassium and Chlorine are symported in

A

the ascending limbs of the loop of henle

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27
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

brings back into filtrate

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28
Q

Where does tubular secretion take place

A

distal convuluted tubules

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29
Q

Potassium is secreted into the distal tubules by

A

active transport

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30
Q

Production of what is based on the level of ADH

A

Urine production

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31
Q

In order to concentrate urine and prevent a large volume of water from being lost, the kidney must maintain a high concentration of solutes in the

A

medulla

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32
Q

Vasa recta removes

A

excess water and solutes that enter the medulla

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33
Q

Loops of Henle are a

A

counter current multiplier system

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34
Q

Urea flows in cycle maintaining high urea concentration in the

A

medulla

35
Q

Urea Flow

A

Collecting ducts
intertineal fluid
loops of henle
descending loops of henle

36
Q

Approximately 65% of water and sodium chloride is reabsorbed in the

A

proximal convoluted tubules

37
Q

Approximately 16% of water is reabsorbed in

A

the thin segment of the descending limb of the loop of henle

38
Q

The thick segment of the ascending loop of henle is not permeable to what

A

water

39
Q

If ADH is present water moves by what

A

osmosis from the less concentrated filtrate into the more concentrated interstitial fluid

40
Q

When the filtrate reaches the tip of the renal pyramid how much water and sodium chloride has been reabsorbed

A

19% water

9-10% NaCl

41
Q

Renin

A

released or produced when B/P in afferent arterial is low

42
Q

Renin changes anglotensinogen from the liver to

A

angiotension 1

43
Q

Increase is aldosterone causes

A

body to reabsorb sodium

44
Q

When we increase blood osmoality we increase the number of action potentials in the

A

supra optic region of the hypothalmus

45
Q

Atrial natriuretic hormone

A

produced by right atrium of heart when blood volume increases stretching cells

46
Q

Obligatory reabsorbtion is

A

not under hormonal control

47
Q

Plasma Clarence

A

calculated using substances like inulin

48
Q

Tubular Load

A

total amount of substance that passes through filtration membrane into nephrons each minute

49
Q

Tubular Maximum

A

load exceeds tubular maximum and glucose appears in urine

50
Q

Micturition Reflex

A

process of peeing involving higher brain centers

51
Q

Intraceullar fluid compartment

A

all fluids inside cells of body, about 40% of total body weight

52
Q

Extracellular fluid in the vessels is

A

plasma

53
Q

Sodium

A

number 1 most abundant element in plasma and interstitial fluid

54
Q

Potassium

A

number 1 most abundant element in intracellular fluid

55
Q

Kidneys are primary regulators of

A

water excretion

56
Q

Osmosis

A

going back and forth across membrane

57
Q

Osmolality

A

when decreased urine production increases, increases with sweating

58
Q

Increased Osmolality

A

triggers thirst and ADH secretion

59
Q

Decreased Osmolality

A

inhibits thirst and ADH secretion

60
Q

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalmus control center detect increase in

A

blood osmoality

61
Q

Decreased sympahtetic stimulation of afferent arteriole leads to

A

increased pressure in glomerulus leading to increased filtration and increased urine output

62
Q

Regulation of Sodium ions

A

kidney major route for excretion

63
Q

If aldosterone is absent the reabsobtion of sodium is

A

greatly decreased

64
Q

What increases aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex

A

angiotensin

65
Q

Blood pressure increases as blood volume increases because of

A

water reabsorption

66
Q

Hypernatremia

A

oversecretion of aldosterone which makes it reabsorb water and sodium ions

67
Q

Decreased extracellular potassium levels can cause a decrease

A

neuromuscular excitability `

68
Q

Reduced rate of cardiac action potential conduction

A

can cause hyperpolinization of the cell

69
Q

PTH

A

increases calcium extracellular levels, also increases bone reabsorbtion

70
Q

Vitamin D stimulates

A

calcium uptake in intestines

71
Q

Calcium decreases extracellular

A

calcium levels

72
Q

To much blood in calcium causes

A

PTH to be released

73
Q

To little blood calcium causes

A

calcitonin to be released

74
Q

Calcium is stored in

A

bones

75
Q

Hyperreflexi

A

neuromuscular excitability increases

76
Q

Acids

A

release hydrogen into chemicals

77
Q

pH is the measurement of

A

hydrogen is a solution

78
Q

Buffers

A

resist change in pH

79
Q

3 Types of buffer systems

A

carbonic acid/bicarbonate
protein
phosphate

80
Q

if pH rises respiratory rate

A

decreases

81
Q

if pH falls respiratory rate

A

increases

82
Q

If a person has a pH level of 7.2 their respiration rate will be

A

highly increased

83
Q

As CO2 levels increase pH

A

decreases

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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