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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 23&24 > Flashcards

Chapter 23&24 Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation

A

movement of air into and out of lungs

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2
Q

Internal Respiration

A

gas exchange between the blood and tissues

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3
Q

Functions of the nasal cavity

A

warms air
smell
produces mucus to trap debree

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4
Q

What sinuses open directly into the nasal cavity

A

Paranasal sinuses

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5
Q

Nasopharynx

A

openings of eustachian (auditory) tubes

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6
Q

Largest unpaired cartilage of the larynx

A

thyroid (also known as adams apple)

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7
Q

What folds prevent swallowed material from moving into the larynx

A

epiglottis and vestibular folds

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8
Q

Vocal folds are primary source of what

A

sound production

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9
Q

What determines pitch

A

frequency of vibration

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10
Q

What way does hyaline cartilage (C shaped rings) open

A

posteriorly

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11
Q

Primary bronchi divide into what

A

secondary bronchi. one goes to right lobe one to left

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12
Q

As tubes become smaller what happens to cartilage and smooth muscle

A

cartilage decreases and amount of smooth muscle increases

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13
Q 
Place the following in order:
A) Alveoli 
B) Terminal bronchiole 
C) Alveolar ducts 
D) Respiratory bronchioles
A

B) Terminal Bronchiole
D) Respiratory bronchioles
C) Alveolar ducts
A) Alveoli

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14
Q

Where does actual exchange happen

A

alveoli

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15
Q

Thin layer of fluid lining the alveolus

A

fluid is surfactin

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16
Q

The respiratory membrane has

A

simple squamous epithelium

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17
Q

What happens when the muscles of inspiration are contracted

A

thoracic volume increases

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18
Q

The diaphragm contracts what happens to the thoracic cavity

A

the superior - inferior dimensions increase

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19
Q

Quiet expiration

A

relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals with contraction of abdominal muscles

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20
Q

Sirius membrane of the lungs are called

A

pleural

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21
Q

Pressure Gradiant

A

When moving out there has to be more pressure inside than out
When moving inside has to be more pressure outside than in

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22
Q

Surfactant

A

reduces tendency of lungs to collapse by reducing surface tension

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23
Q

Pneumothorax

A

an opening between pleural cavity and air that causes a loss of pleural pressure

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24
Q

Negative pressure can cause alveoli to what

A

expand

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25
Q

Emphysema

A

Increases compliance

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26
Q

Residual volume

A

volume still remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration (1200 mL)

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27
Q

Daltons Law

A

total pressure is the sum of the individual pressures of each gas

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28
Q

What 4 factors effect diffusion of gases through the respiratory membrane

A

membrane thickness, diffusion coefficient of gas, surface area, and partial pressure differences

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29
Q

Diseases like emphysema and lung cancer reduce what

A

available surface area

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30
Q

Increase surface area does what to diffusion rate

A

increase diffusion rate

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31
Q

Normally gas moves in what direction

A

from area of higher partial pressure to area of lower partial pressure

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32
Q

Oxygen diffuses into the arterial ends of pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli because of differences in what

A

partial pressure

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33
Q

Oxygen is transported by what

A

hemoglobin (98.5%)

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34
Q

If PH declines in the blood what happens

A

blood becomes more acidic and high CO2

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35
Q

Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)

A

is a sugar byproduct of glycolasas, released by RBC’s as they break down glucose for energy

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36
Q

BPG binds to what and increases oxygen

A

hemoglobin

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37
Q

PH decreases, CO2 increases, & Temperature increases indicate what

A

Right shift curve

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38
Q

PH increases, CO2 decreases, Temperature decreases indicates what

A

Left shift curve

39
Q

Fetal hemoglobin can bind what better than maternal hemoglobin

A

oxygen

40
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported as what

A

bicarbonate ions (70%)

41
Q

Hemoglobin that has released oxygen binds more readily to what than hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it

A

carbon dioxide

42
Q

Chloride shift

A

when bicarbonate ion is pumped out of the cell and chloride is pumped in

43
Q

What sets off the chloride shift

A

CO2 enters the cell

44
Q

Increased acid increases what

A

breathing

45
Q

How does the respiratory system regulate blood PH

A

regulateing plasma CO2 levels

46
Q

Ventral groups stimulate what

A

intercostal and abdominal muscles

47
Q

Involved with switching between inspiration and expiration

A

Pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group

48
Q

Whats a major regulator

A

Carbon dioxide

49
Q

To much CO2 will make your blood turn what

A

acidic

50
Q

Chemical control of ventilation

A

chemosensitive area of the medulla oblongata

51
Q

Hering Breuer Reflex

A

prevents overinflation of the lungs

52
Q

GI tract technically refers to

A

stomach and intestines

53
Q

Mastication (chewing)

A

increases surface area, breaking down large particles mechanically

54
Q

Greater Omentum

A

large amounts of fat can be stored here

55
Q

Parotid salivary gland

A

largest, serous, just anterior to the ear

56
Q

Saliva contains what that breaks down starch

A

salivary amylase

57
Q

Parasympathetic input causes

A

salivary production

58
Q

Upper sphincters

A

stirated

59
Q

Lower sphincters

A

smooth

60
Q

Swallowing

A

soft palate elevates, epiglottis is tipped posteriorly due to pressure of the bolus, larynx elevated to prevent food from passing into larynx

61
Q

Cardiac sphincter (lower esophageal)

A

is the one that causes heartburn

62
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

leads to small intestine

63
Q

3 layers of Muscularis

A

outer longitudinal
middle circular
inner oblique

64
Q

Parietal

A

hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

65
Q

Chyme

A

ingested food plus stomach secretions

66
Q

Mucus protects against

A

acidic chyme and enzyme pepsin

67
Q

Intrinsic factors

A

parietal cells, Binds with vitamin B12 and help it to be absorbed

68
Q

HCL

A

helps convert pepsinogen to pepsin

69
Q

Pepsin

A

breaks down proteins

70
Q

Production of hydrochloric acid involves what

A

active transport of hydrogen ions from partial cells to lumina of the stomach

71
Q

Tatse, smell, tactile sensation of food in the mouth or even thoughts of food stimulate what

A

medulla oblongata

72
Q

Gastric phase

A

distention of the stomach activates a parasympathetic refex

73
Q

Chyme in the duodenum has a PH of

A

less than 2

74
Q

Cholecytokinin produced by the duodenum decreases what

A

gastric secretions in the stomach, fatty acids and lipids activate this

75
Q

Pyloric pump

A

peristaltic contractions force mL of mostly fluid

76
Q

Site of greatest amount of digestion and absorption of nutrients and water

A

small intestine

77
Q

Duodenum

A

openings to ducts from liver and or pancreas

78
Q

Plicae circulares, Villi, Microvilli increase what

A

surface area 600 fold

79
Q

Ileocecal valve constricts to

A

prevent more chyme from entering the cecum(beginning of colon)

80
Q

Segmental contractions in the small intestine do what

A

mix

81
Q

The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct combine to form

A

the hepatopancreatic ampulla

82
Q

The right and left hepatic duct can go to either the

A

gallbladder or common bile duct

83
Q

Hepatic sinusoids

A

lined with endothelial cells and hepatic phagocytic cells

84
Q

Bile salts

A

emulsify fat

85
Q

Iron is stored in the

A

liver

86
Q

Functions of the liver

A

nutrient interconversion, detoxification

87
Q

Bile is produced by

A

hepatocytes

88
Q

The hepatic portal vein carries what from the intestines through the portal of the liver

A

nutrient rich deoxygenated blood

89
Q

Gallbladder

A

stores concentrated bile that arrives constantly from the liver

90
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

makes gallbladder contract and inhibits stomach secretions

91
Q

Pancreas is both an

A

endocrine and exocrine organ

92
Q

Trypsin

A

digests proteins, fats, DNA, & RNA

93
Q

Enterokinase

A

activates trypsinogen to trypsin

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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