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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 21&22 > Flashcards

Chapter 21&22 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood Pressure cuff

A

sphygmomanometer

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2
Q

Arteries

A

elastic, muscular, arterioles, carry oxygenated blood

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3
Q

Capilaries

A

site of exchange with tissues

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4
Q

Veins

A

thinner walls than arteries, contain less elastic tissue and fewer smooth muscle cells, carried de oxygenated blood

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5
Q

Place the following in correct order:

Veins, arteries, capillaries

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Capillaries
  3. Veins
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6
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

have pores

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7
Q

Arterial Capillaries are closer to what

A

arterial’s

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8
Q

Metarterioles

A

isolated smooth muscle along their wall

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9
Q

Precapillary sphincters regulate what

A

blood flow

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10
Q

Tunica Intima

A

endothelium tissue that lines veins

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11
Q

Thicker in arteries, innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers, and has smooth muscle cells

A

Tunica media

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12
Q

Elastic artery

A

also knows as conductive arteries, largest diameter and highest pressure
Ex: Aorta, Pulmonary Trunk

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13
Q

Arterioles

A

allow blood to go directly from an artery to a vein

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14
Q

Vasa Vasorum

A

blood vessels that supply the walls of arteries and veins

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15
Q

Neural innervation of blood vessels

A

sympathetic nerve fibers from plexi in tunica adventitia

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16
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries. Thickens tunica intima and losses elasticity in tunica media

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17
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

deposition of plaque on walls

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18
Q

Systemic circulation begins in the ____ and ends in the ____.

A

Systemic circulation begins in the left ventricle and ends in the right atrium

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19
Q

Ascending aorta

A

right and left coronary arteries branch from here

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20
Q

Aortic arch 1st branch

A

brachiocephalic artery, goes to the right arm

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21
Q

Aortic arch 2nd branch

A

left common carotid, goes to the left side of the heart

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22
Q

Abdominal aorta

A

branches into common iliac at L5

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23
Q

Which one is not a part of the circle of willis

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery

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24
Q

Inferior vena cava goes to

A

abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs

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25
Q

Longest vein in the human body

A

great saphenous

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26
Q

When a blood specimen is needed what vein is it taken from and why

A

Median Cubital vein because it is closer to the surface of the body and no nerve endings

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27
Q

The splenic and superior mesenteric veins pour into what vein

A

hepatic vein

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28
Q

Hepatic portal system is from GI tract to what

A

liver

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29
Q

Blood pressure

A

measure of force exerted by blood against the vessel wall

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30
Q

How is blood pressure measured

A

listening to korotkoff sounds also know as the ausculation method

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31
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

produced by turbulent flow

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32
Q

Laminar flow

A

center moving, fastest

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33
Q

Turbulent flow

A

small currents moving crosswise or obliquely

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34
Q

What does constriction of a blood vessel do

A

increase resistance and thus decreases flow

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35
Q

As viscosity increases pressure required to flow

A

increases

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36
Q

Critical closing pressure

A

pressure at which a blood vessel collapses and blood flow stops

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37
Q

Laplace’s Law

A

force acting on blood vessel wall is proportional to diameter of the vessel times blood pressure

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38
Q

Aneurysm

A

weakened part of a vessel wall that bulges out

39
Q

Compliance

A

blood vessel volume to change as blood pressure changes

40
Q

The more easily a vessel wall stretches

A

the greater its compliance

41
Q

Venous system (veins)

A

has a large compliance (24x greater) than arteries and acts as a blood reservoir

42
Q

Pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

43
Q

Compliance tends to decrease with age (ateriosclerosis)

A

pressure rises

44
Q

What artery is used to check peripheral pulse

A

dorsalis artery

45
Q

Blood pressure

A

kicks blood out

46
Q

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

brings blood back in

47
Q

How much blood is returned back to capilaries

A

9/10’s

48
Q

Arteriole dilation, sympathetic stimulation, valves, and muscular contraction all help do what

A

pump blood

49
Q

Gravity increases blood pressure where

A

below the heart

50
Q

Muscular movement and exercise help improve what

A

venous return

51
Q

Epinephrine

A

causes vasodialation of coronary blood vessels

52
Q

Chemoreceptor reflex control

A

helps maintain homeostasis when CO2 levels increase in the blood

53
Q

What hormones help regulate blood pressure long term

A

ADH, epinephrine, norepinephrine

54
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

A

tells kidneys to release enzymes

55
Q

Atrialm natriuretic hormone

A

causes decrease in blood pressure

56
Q

Fat absorption

A

absorption of fat and other substances from the GI tract via lacteals. Fluid called chyle

57
Q

Lymph

A

returns to circulatory system via veins, essential for fluid balance

58
Q

Once plasma enters the lymphatic system it is then known as

A

lymph

59
Q

Lymph is NOT moved by

A

parostoltic contraction in the abdomen

60
Q

The thoracic duct dumps into

A

left subclavian vein

61
Q

Lymph nodes

A

filter lymph

62
Q

Phagocytosis is also knows as

A

endocytosis

63
Q

Source of lymphocytes, only ones to have apharent and epherant

A

lymph nodes

64
Q

Functions of the spleen

A

destroys defective RBC’s, detects and responds to foreign substances, limited reservoir for blood

65
Q

Thymus

A

very large and active in children, produces lymphocytes, size stagnates while you grow the thymus does not

66
Q

Innate immunity (nonspecific resistance)

A

tears, saliva

67
Q

Adaptive immunity (specific immunity)

A

only attacks certain things

68
Q

Complement

A

20 proteins that will attack/form holes in bacteria

69
Q

Opsonization

A

form membrane attack complex that makes channels through the plasma membrane, attaches to surface of bacteria cells to stimulate phagocytosis

70
Q

Interferons

A

protein that prevent viral infection and protection

71
Q

WBC

A

most important cellular component of immune system

72
Q

Macrophages

A

longer lived and can ingest larger particles

73
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

cells that kill our bodies own cells if they become infected with a virus

74
Q

Inflammatory response

A

fibrinogen converts to fibrin to wall off infected areas

75
Q

Fever is caused by the production of what

A

pyrogens

76
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

stimulated by antigens

77
Q

Antigen

A

pollen, animal dander, feces of mites, foods, drugs cause overreaction of immune system called allergic ractions

78
Q

B cells

A

antibody mediated, mature in bone

79
Q

T cells

A

cell mediated, mature in thymus

80
Q

Positive selection

A

ensures survival of pre-B and pre-T cells

81
Q

Negative selection

A

eliminates clones of lymphocytes that react against self antigen

82
Q

Antigenic Determinants

A

specific regions of a given antigen recognizes by a lymphocyte

83
Q

Major Histocompatibility Complex class 1

A

antigens that were produced inside the cell

84
Q

Costimulation

A

immune response, 2nd signal for B and T cells

85
Q

B cells are lymphocytes that produce what

A

antibodies

86
Q

Antibodies produced by B cells change into

A

plasma cells

87
Q

antibodie mediated immunity

A

produced by plasma antibodies (humoral immunity)

88
Q

Antibody IgA is found where

A

in colostrum of breast milk

89
Q

Primary response

A

takes several days occurs when a B cell is first activated by an antigen

90
Q

Secondary response

A

memory cells, faster and greater than primary response

91
Q

Active natural immunity

A

natural exposure to an antigen

92
Q

Passive Natural immunity

A

transfer of antibodies from a mother to her fetus or baby

93
Q

Passive artificial immunity

A

transfer of antibodies or cells from an immune animal to a non-immune one, also provides instant immunity

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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