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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 17&18 > Flashcards

Chapter 17&18 Flashcards

1
Q

Autocrine chemical messengers

A

target self or similar cells

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2
Q

Paracrine chemical messengers

A

affect other cell types

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3
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

produced by neurons and secreted into extracellular spaces

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4
Q

Hormones acts where

A

target tissue elsewhere in the body

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5
Q

All hormones bind to what

A

a receptor cell

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6
Q

Neurohormones

A

produced by neurons but act as hormones

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7
Q

Whats the speed response for the nervous system

A

instant/milisecond

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8
Q

Whats the speed response for the endocrine system

A

delayed/seconds

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9
Q

Whats the duration of a nervous system response

A

seconds

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10
Q

Whats the duration of an endocrine system response

A

minutes days

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11
Q

Are most hormones amplitude or frequency

A

amplitude

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12
Q

Half life

A

the length of time it takes for a half dose of substance to be eliminated from the circulatory system

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13
Q

Long half life

A

lipid soluble/ travels in plasma attached to protein

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14
Q

Short Half life

A

water soluble/ have rapid onset and short duration

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15
Q

Conjugation

A

the process when these proteins hook onto the fat soluble and help secrete the

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16
Q

Chronic Hormone regulation

A

relatively constant concentration

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17
Q

Acute hormone regulation

A

in response to stress for example fight or flight response

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18
Q

Episodic (Cyclic)

A

sleep patterns, womans monthly cycles

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19
Q

Neural method of hormonal secretion

A

neural control of endocrine gland

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20
Q

Hormonal method of hormonal secretion

A

control of secretory activity of one endocrine gland by hormone or neurohormone secreted by another endocrine gland

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21
Q

Heumoral method of hormonal secretion

A

the action of a substance other than a hormone on an endocrine gland

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22
Q

When calcium is to low what is secreted

A

PTH

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23
Q

Hormonal Stimuli

A

when a hormone turns another hormone on or off

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24
Q

Almost all hormones are a ____ feedback system

A

negative

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25
Q

Example of positive feedback system

A

childbirth, blood coagulation

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26
Q

Binding site

A

receptor

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27
Q

Down regulation can cause what

A

some forms of diabetes

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28
Q

Hormone receptor molecules can be what

A

increased, decreased, or chemically altered

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29
Q

Up Regulation

A

increase sensitivity to that hormone

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30
Q

Where are most lipid based receptors found

A

nucleus of the target cell

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31
Q

Lipid soluble

A

pass through the plasma membrane and induces mRNA synthesis

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32
Q

Can water soluble protein dissolve through a capillary wall

A

NO

33
Q

Where are the receptors for water soluble proteins found

A

membrane of the target cell

34
Q

G protein is a _____

A

regulated protein

35
Q 
Place these in the correct order 
A) when alpha sub unit is removed it alters cell activity
B) G protein hooks to receptor 
C) G protein separates from receptor
D) alpha sub unit separates
E) GTP replaces GDP
A 
B) G protein hooks to receptor 
E) GTP replaces GDP
C) G protein separates from receptor
D) alpha sub unit separates 
A) when alpha sub unit is removed it alters cell activity
36
Q

Insulin receptors bound to insulin cause what

A

phosphorylation of proteins and cell responds to presence of insulin which allows glucose to enter the cell

37
Q

Cascade effect

A

when you start with a few intracellular mediator molecules activate several enzymes

38
Q

Master gland

A

pituitary gland

39
Q

Hypothalamus regulates what

A

secretion of anterior pituitary gland

40
Q

The posterior pituitary is an extension of what

A

Hypothalamus

41
Q

Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A

extension of the nervous system

42
Q

Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis)

A

consists of three areas with indistinct boundaries: pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars tuberalis

43
Q

Neurons from the hypothalamus pass through this

A

hypothalamohypophysial portal

44
Q

Neurons pass through the what

A

hypothalamohypophysial tract

45
Q

ADH (anti diuretic hormone) does what

A

conserves water

46
Q

Where is ADH made and stored

A

made in hypothalamus stored in posterior pituitary

47
Q

Osmolality

A

amount of solutes in the blood or plasma

48
Q

Increase Osmolality causes an increase in what hormone

A

ADH

49
Q

Oxytocin causes what

A

increase uterine contraction and milk release from the breast

50
Q

Mechanical stimulation of the nipple of the breast causes oxytocin to do what

A

release milk

51
Q

Beta endorphins

A

same effect as opiet drugs

52
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stored in anterior pituitary for the development of eggs and sperm

53
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

stimulates uptake of amino acids, protein synthesis, and promotes bone and cartilage growth

54
Q

Lack of growth hormone causes what

A

dwarfism

55
Q

Endorphins also act as what

A

an analgesic

56
Q

Lipotropins cause what

A

adipose cells to catabolize fat

57
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) & Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) regulate what

A

production of gametes (sperm and eggs)

58
Q

What hormone in males in major for sperm production and secondary sex characteristics

A

testosterone

59
Q

Prolactin plays a role in

A

milk production

60
Q

Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)

A

neurohormone that stimulates prolactin

61
Q

proopiomelanocortin (POMC) produces what

A

adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

62
Q

What hormone targets follicles in ovaries in females

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

63
Q

T4 is also known as

A

tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine

64
Q

T4 binds with what

A

intracellular receptor molecules in the nucleus

65
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

increases blood calcium levels

66
Q

Medulla is part of what nervous system

A

parasympathetic

67
Q

What are the three zones of the Cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

68
Q

Androgens

A

are in the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex and stimulate pubic and axilary hair growth and sexual drive in females

69
Q

Pancreas is both what

A

endocrine and exocrine

70
Q

Islets of langerhans is also know as what

A

pancreatic islets

71
Q

What makes both insulin and glucagon

A

pancreas

72
Q

When you release insulin your skeletal muscles what

A

glucose and amino acids

73
Q

Glucagon

A

targets primarily liver, increases breakdown of glycogen release of glucose into circulatory system

74
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

to much sugar

75
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

to little sugar

76
Q

Insulin shock

A

to much insulin

77
Q

When glucagon is released

A

it increases fat breakdown and ketone production

78
Q

Relaxin

A

increases the flexibility of connective tissue in the pelvic area especially the symphesis pubis also secreted by ovaries and placenta

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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