Chapter 26 Flashcards
A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline form
Mineral
The color of a mineral in powdered form
Streak
When a mineral breaks along preferred planes of weakness creating sets of smooth parallel side
Cleavage
Minerals that break with irregular surfaces
Fracture
The physical property that measures a mineral’s resistance to scratching
Hardness
Molten rock material inside the Earth
Magma
A mineral is ?
A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline form
What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earth’s crust ?
Oxygen and Silicone
What does inorganic mean ?
That an object is not living
What does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral ?
The way a mineral breaks, how hard it is, and what type of of crystal shape it has
What are all of the ways to identify minerals ?
Luster, Streak, Cleavage, Fracture, Hardness, Atomic Arrangement, and Crystal Shape
What are the two types of luster ?
Metallic and Nonmetallic
How does metallic luster reflect light ?
The same way as a metal surface will
How does nonmetallic luster reflect light ?
They shine like glass or appear earthy or waxy
How do you perform a streak test ?
By rubbing a material on an unglazed, white porcelain tile
What are the two types of breakage that can happen to minerals ?
Cleavage and Fracture
What is the name of the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral ?
Mohs Scale
What is the number range on the Mohs Scale of Hardness ?
1 - 10
How many different crystal shape systems are there ?
Six
Minerals grow from the _______.
What are the three ways minerals can form ?
Hot Water, Molten Rock, Evaporation
What are the two mineral groups ?
Silicates and Non silicates
Which mineral group is the most abundant in Earth’s crust ?
Silicates
What elements are Silicates made up of ?
Non silicates do not contain what element ?
=
What mineral is used to make glass ?
Quartz
What is a rock ?
A naturally formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, and volcanic glass.
How are rocks identified ?
By their composition and texture
What does the texture of a rock describe about a rock ?
The size, shape, and arrangement of the rock’s components
Where do intrusive rocks form ?
Within Earth’s crust
What type of molten rock does intrusive igneous rocks form from ?
Magma
What is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate minerals ?
Bowen’s Reaction Series
What are the three types of magma ?
Mafic, Intermediate, Felsic
Which magma type has a low silica content ?
Mafic
Which magma type has a high silica content ?
Felsic
Which type of crust an abundant amount of quartz ?
Continental Crust
What type of crust has little to no quartz ?
Oceanic
Which type of igneous rock has a coarse grained texture ?
Intrusive Igneous Rock
Which type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture ?
Extrusive Igneous Rock
Do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly ?
Quickly
What are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rock ?
Vesicular and Porphyritic
Which texture is the type with the holes left behind because of rapid cooling ?
Vesicular
Which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates ?
Porphyritic
What type of rock has a vesicular texture ?
Pumice and Scoria
What are clasts ?
Small rocks and mineral fragments
What types of erosion are rocks on Earth’s surface exposed to?
Weathering
What does it mean if clasts are being transported?
When clasts are being mechanically weathered and move to a new locaation
What does it mean if clasts are being deposited?
It means that the clasts are no longer moving or being mechanically weathered
What is pore space?
The empty space between the grains.
What is compaction?
The process in which clasts stick together due to the weight of overlying material
What is cementation?
When minerals slowly precipitate out of water solution and crystallize in the spaces between the clasts
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
Due to the compaction and cementation
What is another name for clasts?
Detritus
What are the sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made of clasts?
Detrital sedimentary rock
What is another name for clasts?
What is the decreasing size of clasts ?
gravel,sand,silt, and clay
Which clast size would be deposited first ?
Gravel
What are four common detrital sedimentary rocks ?
gravel,sand,silt, and clay
How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed ?
Form from water that contains dissolved solids
If sedimentary rocks contain the remains of living organisms what are the called ?
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
What are two common biochemical sedimentary rocks ?
Coal and Limestone
What are the three types of sedimentary rock ?
Biochemical sedimentary rock
Chemical sedimentary rock
Detrital sedimentary rock
Metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which three things ?
Heat, Pressure, and Chemical Reactions
Which types of rocks can be ch
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rock
What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over large areas ?
Regional Metamorphism
What is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over small areas ?
Contact Metamorphism
When the shale is compressed, which type of metamorphic rock is created ?
Slate
What are the two types of metamorphic rock textures ?
Foliated and Nonfoliated
What is foliated texture ?
Rocks have crystals that are arranged in layers and bands
What is Nonfoliated texture ?
Rocks that have crystals with more random orientation
Metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on what two things ?
Texture and Composition
What is the Rock Cycle ?
The continual changing of rocks from one type to another
Which types of rocks are part of the rock cycle ?
Sedimentary Rock, Igneous Rock, Metamorphic Rock
What are the three types of rocks ?
Metamorphic Rock, Igneous Rock, and Sedimentary rock
Which types of rocks form from molten rock ?
Igneous Rock
Which types of rocks are formed from clasts, precipitation, or compressed once living matter ?
Biochemical and Sedimentary Rock
Which types of rocks are formed from heat, pressure, and chemical reactions ?
Metamorphic Rock
What can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock ?
Minerals
