Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ECOLOGY > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

Mastering Ecology

1
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Angiosperms are currently the dominant plant group.

The earliest vascular plants were replaced by ferns that dominated during the Carboniferous period.

All of the major groups of plants have increased relatively continuously since their origin.

In general, there has been an increase in the number of species on the planet over the past 600 million years.

Since their origin, there has been an almost continuous increase in the number of species of plants.

A

All of the major groups of plants have increased relatively continuously since their origin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The number of species of living organisms on the planet is probably closest to

100,000.
100,000,000.
10,000,000.
1,000,000.

A

10,000,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

All living species of organisms have now been described by scientists.

True
False

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which taxa contain the largest number of known species?

coleoptera
plants (embryophytes)
fungi
crustaceans

A

coleoptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Over the past 100 million years, species richness has declined for gymnosperms and has increased for angiosperms.

True
False

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Angiosperms emerged

100 million years ago.
200 million years ago.
300 million years ago.
400 million years ago.

A

100 million years ago.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which of the following is the correct order of plant evolutionary appearance (geologically oldest to present date)?

angiosperms, gymnosperms, psilopsids, pteriodophytes

pteriodophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms, psilopsids

gymnosperms, angiosperms, psilopsids, pteriodophytes

psilopsids, pteriodophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms

A

psilopsids, pteriodophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Consider the period from 2 million years ago to time 0.
For lineage A, how many speciation and extinction events occurred from 2 million years ago to time 0?

0 speciation events and 3 extinctions
2 speciation events and 5 extinctions
5 speciation events and 2 extinctions
5 speciation events and 5 extinctions

A

2 speciation events and 5 extinctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

For lineage B, how many speciation and extinction events occurred from 2 million years ago to time 0?

1 speciation event and 8 extinctions
2 speciation events and 1 extinction
5 speciation events and 1 extinction
8 speciation events and 1 extinction

A

5 speciation events and 1 extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Humans are responsible for more than 75 percent of all present-day extinctions since a.d. 1600.

True
False

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

96% of marine animal species became extinct in the Permian mass extinction at the end of the Paleozoic, 252 million years ago.
Why does the blue curve show only a 50% drop at that time?

The species that survived the mass extinction diversified very quickly so that the number of families in existence first plummeted but then rapidly increased to 50% of the number before the mass extinction.

Although 96% of marine animal species became extinct, the extinction rate was far lower for terrestrial species.

Although the extinction rate of 96% was high, the number of species in existence was also very high, so that even after the mass extinction, many species remained.

Families typically contain many species, so the percentage of families that became extinct is lower than the percentage of species that became extinct.

A

Families typically contain many species, so the percentage of families that became extinct is lower than the percentage of species that became extinct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Overall, how many studies showed a positive effect of organic farming on biodiversity?

66
13
41
9

A

66

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What percentage of the studies showed a negative effect of organic farming on organisms?

89%
13%
11%
8%

A

11%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

For which group of organisms is evidence of positive effects the strongest?

Beetles
Plants
Soil microbes
Birds and mammals

A

plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the overall ratio of positive effects of organic farming to negative effects?

1: 8.25
66: 8
8. 25:1
8: 66

A

8.25:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A scientist plans to further investigate the impact of organic farming on biodiversity. Which groups of organisms should the scientist select?

Beetles and other arthropods
Soil microbes and plants
Birds and mammals
Spiders

A

Beetles and other arthropods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If you were to graph the relationship between latitude (x-axis) and species richness (y-axis) in the New World, beginning with negative 80° for southernmost, 0° at the equator, and 80° for northernmost location, what would be the trends in the graph?

There would not be a clear relationship between latitude and species richness.

It would be a bell shaped curve with the highest species diversity at 0° latitude.

It would be a bell-shaped curve, but it would be shifted to the left with higher levels of diversity at -30° latitude.

It would be a U-shaped curve with lowest levels of diversity at 0° latitude.

It would be a bell-shaped curve, but it would be shifted to the right with higher levels of diversity at 30° N latitude.

A

It would be a bell shaped curve with the highest species diversity at 0° latitude.

18
Q

Species richness in both terrestrial and marine environments generally declines with latitude.

True
False

A

true

19
Q

What does the figure suggest about patterns of biodiversity for particular groups of organisms?

Diversity patterns are unpredictable.
Species diversity is highest at the equator.
Climatic influences are most important in determining areas of higher diversity.
Species diversity is highest at the poles.

A

Climatic influences are most important in determining areas of higher diversity.

20
Q

In relation to the stability hypothesis of diversity, which area provides the best evidence that glaciation reduced temperate tree diversity?

Asia
North America
Europe
Russia

A

europe

21
Q

What does this figure suggest?

Mammalian diversity is highest at the northern latitudes.
Greater land area is strongly associated with mammalian diversity.
Land area is highest at the equator.
Mammalian diversity is highest at the equator.

A

Mammalian diversity is highest at the equator.

22
Q

Actual evapotranspiration is __________.

water loss through evaporation, which is driven by humidity and temperature

water uptake by plants, which is a function of transpiration and water supply from all sources

the flux of water from the terrestrial surface and is a function of water supply from precipitation and water demand driven by influx of solar radiation

the flux of water from leaves and is a function of water supply from precipitation and water demand driven by influx of solar radiation

the total amount of water lost from leaves, which is driven by air temperature

A

the flux of water from the terrestrial surface and is a function of water supply from precipitation and water demand driven by influx of solar radiation

23
Q

Compared to patterns seen for terrestrial organisms, marine biodiversity in the North Atlantic is __________.

similar in showing generally increasing diversity with increasing latitude.

the opposite with marine diversity generally increasing with increasing latitude.

different in that it does not show a clear pattern in relation to latitude.

similar in showing generally decreasing diversity with increasing latitude.

the opposite with marine diversity generally decreasing with increasing latitude

A

similar in showing generally decreasing diversity with increasing latitude.

24
Q

Variation in species richness of terrestrial species in North America correlates most strongly with estimates of

precipitation.
actual or potential evapotranspiration.
solar radiation.
annual temperature.

A

actual or potential evapotranspiration.

25
Q

Which of the following taxa have greater richness at lower PET?

amphibians
reptiles
mammals
birds

A

birds

26
Q

What is PET?

probable evapotranspiration
positive evaporative transport
potential evapotranspiration
probability of evaporation

A

potential evapotranspiration

27
Q

In terrestrial habitats, species richness is negatively correlated with primary productivity.

True
False

A

false

28
Q

As the structural diversity of plant communities increases, the species richness of animals also increases.

True
False

A

true

29
Q

The species richness of terrestrial plants and animals generally increases with elevation.

True
False

A

false

30
Q

Which of the following is seen as a significant predictor of increased diversity in trees?

decreased temperatures
decreased precipitation
wind patterns
primary productivity

A

primary productivity

31
Q

Terrestrial vertebrate richness is most strongly tied to

altitude.
sea surface temperatures.
potential evapotranspiration.
primary productivity.

A

potential evapotranspiration.

32
Q

Species diversity at the regional spatial scale is called __________.

theta diversity
delta diversity
gamma diversity
beta diversity
alpha diversity
A

gamma

33
Q

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Geographic ranges of many species are shifting currently.

Future changes in Earth’s climate will cause changes in species distribution patterns.

Regional species diversity may change over geologic time.

The emergence and extinction of species drives patterns of species diversity over time periods of thousands of years.

Over timescales of thousands of years, climate change may influence regional diversity.

A

The emergence and extinction of species drives patterns of species diversity over time periods of thousands of years.

34
Q

Use the maps in the image and your knowledge of predictors of species diversity to choose the true statement regarding the difference between patterns of bird species richness in the summer and the winter in the United States.

Bird species diversity is always highest at the lowest latitudes in the United States.

The highest levels of species richness is found in the northern, northeastern, and western United States in winter, while the highest species richness is found in the southern and southwestern portions of the country in the summer.

The highest regions of species diversity shift due to migratory patterns of bird species in the United States.

Migratory patterns of bird species reinforce latitudinal gradients of species diversity in the United States.

The Midwest consistently has the highest levels of bird species diversity.

A

The highest regions of species diversity shift due to migratory patterns of bird species in the United States.

35
Q

A measure of diversity between sites is called

beta diversity.
alpha diversity.
gamma diversity.
zeta diversity

A

beta

36
Q

The figure suggests

diversity changes seasonally.
primary productivity dictates diversity.
birds are more diverse at northern latitudes.
a high gamma diversity.

A

diversity changes seasonally.

37
Q

What percent of the plant species found on Madagascar are unique to that island?

10
20
40
80
90
A

80

38
Q

The human population of Madagascar doubles about every _____ years.

10
25
40
60
80
A

25

39
Q

What is a lemur?

a primate only found on Madagascar
a poisonous snake found only on Madagascar
a type of orchid found only on Madagascar
a type of tree found only on Madagascar
a type of cuckoo found only on Madagascar

A

a primate only found on Madagascar

40
Q

Much of the original forest cover on Madagascar has been destroyed primarily as a result of _____.

the building of malls
pollution from automobile emissions
the building of tract housing
burning for agricultural purposes
industrial activity
A

burning for agricultural purposes

41
Q

What is the cause of the red color of the waters about Madagascar?

dinoflagellates
a persistent red tide
the high concentration of iron found in these waters
soil that has washed into the ocean
red algae
A

soil that has washed into the ocean

42
Q

Which state is most likely to be a hotspot for biodiversity?

West Virginia
North Carolina
California
South Dakota

A

California

ECOLOGY (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions