Chapter 12 - Metapopulations

Question 1

A(an) ____- consist of a collection of local, interacting subpopulations that are linked by dispersal.

Answer 1

metapopulation

Question 2

At the metapopulation or regional scale, population dynamics are governed by the interaction of ___ populations

Answer 2

local

Question 3

_____ involves the movement of individuals from occupied patches (existing local populations) to unoccupied patches to form new local populations

Answer 3

colonization

Question 4

Metapopulation persistence is a dynamic balance between the ____ and recolonization of empty habitat patches

Answer 4

extinction

Question 5

The extinction rate (E) of a metapopulation _______ as the proportion of patches occupied (P) increases

Answer 5

increases

Question 6

Local population dynamics are influenced by patch size and ____

Answer 6

isolation

Question 7

Increasing patch size may influence the persistence of local populations by increasing the potential for environmental ______

Answer 7

heterogeneity

Question 8

The _____ effect refers to the increasing population size and decreasing risk of extinction that occurs with an increasing rate of immigration.

Answer 8

rescue

Question 9

A(an) population maintains a positive growth rate, producing a surplus of individuals that disperses to other local populations.

Answer 9

source

Question 10

A(n) ________ population cannot support positive population growth and is able to persist
only when individuals immigrate from other local populations.

Answer 10

sink

Question 11

The ability of an organism to colonize available habitats is influenced by its rate of
________, which is affected by fecundity and mode of reproduction.

Answer 11

dispersal

Question 12

Population densities are usually ________ in smaller species than in larger species.

Answer 12

higher

Question 13

A(n) ________ is a collection of metapopulations in a geographic region that has evolved
one or more characteristics distinguishing it from other metapopulations due to isolation and
subsequent divergence resulting from natural selection

Answer 13

subspecies

Question 14

In a typical metapopulation,
A) suitable habitat is relatively patchy rather than uniform.
B) only the smaller subpopulations are at risk of extinction.
C) the isolation of habitat patches prevents recolonization after local extinction.
D) the dynamics of local populations are synchronized.

Answer 14

A. suitable habitat is relatively patchy rather than uniform.

Question 15

2) In a metapopulation, regional scale population dynamics are governed primarily by the
interaction of local populations, specifically
A) birth and death rates.
B) dispersal and colonization.
C) predation and parasitism.
D) stochastic processes

Answer 15

B) dispersal and colonization.

Question 16

The model of population dynamics developed by Richard Levins assumes that
A) each patch contributes equally to the pool of emigrants.
B) patches are of different size.
C) the probability of extinction is the same for each local population.
D) some patches supply more resources than others.

Answer 16

A) each patch contributes equally to the pool of emigrants.

Question 17

4) In a metapopulation, the probability of extinction in a local population increases with
A) increasing patch size and increasing isolation.
B) increasing patch size and decreasing isolation.
C) decreasing patch size and increasing isolation.
D) decreasing patch size and decreasing isolation.

Answer 17

C) decreasing patch size and increasing isolation

Question 18

5) In a metapopulation, the probability of recolonization in a local population increases with
A) increasing patch size and increasing isolation.
B) increasing patch size and decreasing isolation.
C) decreasing patch size and increasing isolation.
D) decreasing patch size and decreasing isolation

Answer 18

B) increasing patch size and decreasing isolation.

Question 19

6) As the size of a habitat patch increases,
A) environmental heterogeneity decreases.
B) the probability of extinction increases.
C) the probability of colonization decreases.
D) the impact of environmental stochasticity decreases

Answer 19

D) the impact of environmental stochasticity decreases.

Question 20

7) The rescue effect on the size of a local population results from
A) an increased birthrate.
B) a decreased death rate.
C) immigration from a nearby population.
D) the extinction of predators.

Answer 20

C) immigration from a nearby population.

Question 21

8) A source population
A) must be maintained by immigrants from a sink population.
B) has a high rate of extinction.
C) is usually located in small, isolated patches.
D) maintains a positive growth rate

Answer 21

D) maintains a positive growth rate.

Question 22

9) The persistence of metapopulations increases when
A) heterogeneity of habitat increases.
B) isolation of local populations increases.
C) environmental stochasticity increases.
D) the size of local populations decreases

Answer 22

A) heterogeneity of habitat increases.

Question 23

10) Which of the following factors can synchronize metapopulation dynamics?
A) death of immigrants
B) prevention of dispersal
C) environmental stochasticity
D) heterogeneous patch quality

Answer 23

C) environmental stochasticity

Question 24

11) The rate of dispersal is highest in species that
A) occupy stable habitats.
B) occupy isolated habitats.
C) reproduce asexually.
D) have high fecundity.

Answer 24

D) have high fecundity.

Question 25

12) Which of the following is the correct hierarchy of the population concept? A) local population < metapopulation < subspecies < species B) metapopulation < local population < subspecies < species C) local population < metapopulation < species < subspecies D) metapopulation < local population < species < subspecies

Answer 25

A) local population < metapopulation < subspecies < species

Question 26

13) In the equation, P = 1 - e / m, e represents the A) rate of local population colonization. B) rate of local population extinction. C) probability of local population colonization. D) probability of local population extinction.

Answer 26

D) probability of local population extinction.

Question 27

1) The probability of core population extinction is less than that of satellite populations in a metapopulation

Answer 27

True

Question 28

2) Dispersal of individuals among local populations does not occur within a metapopulation.

Answer 28

False

Question 29

3) The model of metapopulation growth is similar to the logistic model of population growth in that both are regulated by density-dependent factors

Answer 29

True

Question 30

4) The ability of individuals to disperse among habitat patches is related to their degree of isolation

Answer 30

True

Question 31

5) Increasing isolation of habitat patches can be compensated for by decreasing the average patch size

Answer 31

False

Question 32

6) A large patch of habitat tends to be more spatially heterogeneous than a small patch of habitat

Answer 32

True

Question 33

7) As heterogeneity of habitat in a local population increases, the population density fluctuates more

Answer 33

False

Question 34

8) The rescue effect of a population decreases its risk of extinction.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

9) A source population is more likely than a sink population to become extinct.

Answer 35

False

Question 36

10) The conversion of natural ecosystems to agricultural production tends to synchronize metapopulation dynamics.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

11) The rate of dispersal is greater in species occupying stable habitats than in those occupying temporary habitats.

Answer 37

False

Question 38

12) Sexually reproducing plants tend to have lower rates of local extinction than asexually reproducing plants.

Answer 38

False

Question 39

13) A species encompasses the largest geographic range in the four hierarchical levels of spatial aggregation of populations.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

1) When the trunk or limb of a tree provides the substrate on which an epiphytic orchid grows, the arrangement benefits the orchid, which gets nutrients from the air and moisture from aerial roots, while the tree is unaffected. The relationship is referred to as

Answer 40

commensalism.

Question 41

2) When the relationship between two interacting species is detrimental to the populations of both species, the interaction is referred to as

Answer 41

competition.

Question 42

4) A remora feeds on the scraps that escape from a shark's mouth while feeding. It has no clear positive or negative impact on the shark. This is an example of

Answer 42

commensalism.

Question 43

5) What is the difference between a parasite and a parasitoid?

Answer 43

A parasitoid typically always kill its host.

Question 44

6) The carrying capacity for species 1 is 1000 and for its competitor, species 2, it is 500. What is the maximum abundance of species 1 if 250 of species 2 coexists with it?

Answer 44

500

Question 45

7) As predators feed on prey, prey abundances decrease over time. This is predicted to result in a(n)

Answer 45

decrease in predator abundance.

Question 46

8) Owl species A has a carrying capacity of 2000, while another owl species B has a carrying capacity of 200. What is the logical conclusion of this?

Answer 46

Species B uses more resources per individual.

Question 47

9) As the population of a predator increases, the

Answer 47

population of the prey species decreases.

Question 48

Which of the following has the strongest impact on species 1 population size? N2 =

Answer 48

750

Question 49

11) When a species of bird preys upon the seeds of a plant and favors the smallest seeds,

Answer 49

natural selection favors individual plants that produce the largest seeds

Question 50

12) The length of a butterfly tongue perfectly matches the nectar tube of a flower it pollinates. This is an example of

Answer 50

coevolution

Question 51

13) What might happen over time if two bird species competed for the same seed resource and one preferred larger seeds while the other species preferred smaller ones?

Answer 51

Beak sizes might shift over time.

Question 52

14) Hummingbirds are attracted to red flowers with long tubes. What might you predict would happen to flowers if hummingbirds become the predominant species on a remote island?

Answer 52

Flowers would become gradually more red.

Question 53

15) On a dare, a student challenges another student to lick a California newt (Taricha torosa). From which population of newts should the student grab an individual to reduce his or her risk of a toxic dose?

Answer 53

from a population with no garter snakes

Question 54

16) The neurotoxin that Taricha spp. possess to ward off predators is

Answer 54

tetrodotoxin.

Question 55

17.) In an area with high soil nutrient availability, mycorrhizal fungi are

Answer 55

parasitic

Question 56

18) Mycorrhizal fungi have a mutually beneficial relationship with plants in environments with soils that

Answer 56

are low in nutrients

Question 57

The red line in the figure (the furthest to the right) represents

Answer 57

highly resistant garter snake population.

Question 58

20) In most plant-pollinator interactions, plants species are pollinated by

Answer 58

multiple animal species, and each animal species pollinates multiple plant species.

Question 59

21) A food web is a better representation of a community than a food chain because most interactions among organisms

Answer 59

are diffuse across a range of contexts.

Question 60

22) A flower is not ideally matched with a pollinator that visits it daily. Why might that be?

Answer 60

The flower has several other pollinators with differing traits.

Question 61

23) An invasive bullfrog consumes a Taricha newt and dies immediately. What can you say about the toxin?

Answer 61

It is toxic to general vertebrate predators.

Question 62

24) An ecological niche is typically ________ dimension/s.

Answer 62

an unspecified number of

Question 63

25) A species of cattail inhabits both deep and shallow water in the absence of a competitor but only shallow water in the presence of it. This is an example of

Answer 63

a realized niche.

Question 64

26) The concept of the niche was initially developed by

Answer 64

Grinnell

Question 65

27) A realized niche can be larger than a fundamental niche

Answer 65

when a commensal species expands another's niche space.

Question 66

28) Two species of cattail (Typha) live in shallow water along the shoreline of ponds. Although T. agustifolia can live by itself in water 0-20 cm deep, in the presence of T. latifolia, it occurs only in water > 20 cm deep, whereas T. latifolia occurs in shallower water. In this example, T. agustifolia is limited by competition exploiting its

Answer 66

realized niche

Question 67

29) The process whereby one species gives rise to several others that exploit different features of the environment is known as

Answer 67

adaptive radiation

Question 68

30) Adaptive radiation is often the result of

Answer 68

resource competition.

Question 69

31) The globeflower can host

Answer 69

at least six coexisting species.

Question 70

32) What does the following formula represent? dN1/dt = r1N1(1 - (N1 + N2)/K1)

Answer 70

population growth of species 1 in presence of species 2

Question 71

33) As two competing species approach their respective carrying capacities, the growth rate of the other species

Answer 71

slows down

Question 72

34) Urbanization impacts

Answer 72

most species negatively, but a few positively.

Question 73

35) In comparison to desert habitats, urban landscapes on average have a

Answer 73

lower number of bird species.