Chapter 12 - Metapopulations Flashcards
A(an) ____- consist of a collection of local, interacting subpopulations that are linked by dispersal.
metapopulation
At the metapopulation or regional scale, population dynamics are governed by the interaction of ___ populations
local
_____ involves the movement of individuals from occupied patches (existing local populations) to unoccupied patches to form new local populations
colonization
Metapopulation persistence is a dynamic balance between the ____ and recolonization of empty habitat patches
extinction
The extinction rate (E) of a metapopulation _______ as the proportion of patches occupied (P) increases
increases
Local population dynamics are influenced by patch size and ____
isolation
Increasing patch size may influence the persistence of local populations by increasing the potential for environmental ______
heterogeneity
The _____ effect refers to the increasing population size and decreasing risk of extinction that occurs with an increasing rate of immigration.
rescue
A(an) population maintains a positive growth rate, producing a surplus of individuals that disperses to other local populations.
source
A(n) ________ population cannot support positive population growth and is able to persist
only when individuals immigrate from other local populations.
sink
The ability of an organism to colonize available habitats is influenced by its rate of
________, which is affected by fecundity and mode of reproduction.
dispersal
Population densities are usually ________ in smaller species than in larger species.
higher
A(n) ________ is a collection of metapopulations in a geographic region that has evolved
one or more characteristics distinguishing it from other metapopulations due to isolation and
subsequent divergence resulting from natural selection
subspecies
In a typical metapopulation,
A) suitable habitat is relatively patchy rather than uniform.
B) only the smaller subpopulations are at risk of extinction.
C) the isolation of habitat patches prevents recolonization after local extinction.
D) the dynamics of local populations are synchronized.
A. suitable habitat is relatively patchy rather than uniform.
2) In a metapopulation, regional scale population dynamics are governed primarily by the
interaction of local populations, specifically
A) birth and death rates.
B) dispersal and colonization.
C) predation and parasitism.
D) stochastic processes
B) dispersal and colonization.
The model of population dynamics developed by Richard Levins assumes that
A) each patch contributes equally to the pool of emigrants.
B) patches are of different size.
C) the probability of extinction is the same for each local population.
D) some patches supply more resources than others.
A) each patch contributes equally to the pool of emigrants.
4) In a metapopulation, the probability of extinction in a local population increases with
A) increasing patch size and increasing isolation.
B) increasing patch size and decreasing isolation.
C) decreasing patch size and increasing isolation.
D) decreasing patch size and decreasing isolation.
C) decreasing patch size and increasing isolation
5) In a metapopulation, the probability of recolonization in a local population increases with
A) increasing patch size and increasing isolation.
B) increasing patch size and decreasing isolation.
C) decreasing patch size and increasing isolation.
D) decreasing patch size and decreasing isolation
B) increasing patch size and decreasing isolation.
6) As the size of a habitat patch increases,
A) environmental heterogeneity decreases.
B) the probability of extinction increases.
C) the probability of colonization decreases.
D) the impact of environmental stochasticity decreases
D) the impact of environmental stochasticity decreases.
7) The rescue effect on the size of a local population results from A) an increased birthrate. B) a decreased death rate. C) immigration from a nearby population. D) the extinction of predators.
C) immigration from a nearby population.
8) A source population
A) must be maintained by immigrants from a sink population.
B) has a high rate of extinction.
C) is usually located in small, isolated patches.
D) maintains a positive growth rate
D) maintains a positive growth rate.
9) The persistence of metapopulations increases when
A) heterogeneity of habitat increases.
B) isolation of local populations increases.
C) environmental stochasticity increases.
D) the size of local populations decreases
A) heterogeneity of habitat increases.
10) Which of the following factors can synchronize metapopulation dynamics? A) death of immigrants B) prevention of dispersal C) environmental stochasticity D) heterogeneous patch quality
C) environmental stochasticity
11) The rate of dispersal is highest in species that A) occupy stable habitats. B) occupy isolated habitats. C) reproduce asexually. D) have high fecundity.
D) have high fecundity.
12) Which of the following is the correct hierarchy of the population concept?
A) local population < metapopulation < subspecies < species
B) metapopulation < local population < subspecies < species
C) local population < metapopulation < species < subspecies
D) metapopulation < local population < species < subspecies
A) local population < metapopulation < subspecies < species
13) In the equation, P = 1 - e / m, e represents the
A) rate of local population colonization.
B) rate of local population extinction.
C) probability of local population colonization.
D) probability of local population extinction.
D) probability of local population extinction.
1) The probability of core population extinction is less than that of satellite populations in a
metapopulation
True
2) Dispersal of individuals among local populations does not occur within a metapopulation.
False
3) The model of metapopulation growth is similar to the logistic model of population growth in
that both are regulated by density-dependent factors
True
4) The ability of individuals to disperse among habitat patches is related to their degree of
isolation
True
5) Increasing isolation of habitat patches can be compensated for by decreasing the average patch
size
False
6) A large patch of habitat tends to be more spatially heterogeneous than a small patch of habitat
True
7) As heterogeneity of habitat in a local population increases, the population density fluctuates
more
False
8) The rescue effect of a population decreases its risk of extinction.
True
9) A source population is more likely than a sink population to become extinct.
False
10) The conversion of natural ecosystems to agricultural production tends to synchronize
metapopulation dynamics.
True
11) The rate of dispersal is greater in species occupying stable habitats than in those occupying
temporary habitats.
False
12) Sexually reproducing plants tend to have lower rates of local extinction than asexually
reproducing plants.
False
13) A species encompasses the largest geographic range in the four hierarchical levels of spatial
aggregation of populations.
True
1) When the trunk or limb of a tree provides the substrate on which an epiphytic orchid grows, the arrangement benefits the orchid, which gets nutrients from the air and moisture from aerial roots, while the tree is unaffected. The relationship is referred to as
commensalism.
2) When the relationship between two interacting species is detrimental to the populations of both species, the interaction is referred to as
competition.
4) A remora feeds on the scraps that escape from a shark’s mouth while feeding. It has no clear positive or negative impact on the shark. This is an example of
commensalism.
5) What is the difference between a parasite and a parasitoid?
A parasitoid typically always kill its host.
6) The carrying capacity for species 1 is 1000 and for its competitor, species 2, it is 500. What is the maximum abundance of species 1 if 250 of species 2 coexists with it?
500
7) As predators feed on prey, prey abundances decrease over time. This is predicted to result in a(n)
decrease in predator abundance.
8) Owl species A has a carrying capacity of 2000, while another owl species B has a carrying capacity of 200. What is the logical conclusion of this?
Species B uses more resources per individual.
9) As the population of a predator increases, the
population of the prey species decreases.
Which of the following has the strongest impact on species 1 population size? N2 =
750
11) When a species of bird preys upon the seeds of a plant and favors the smallest seeds,
natural selection favors individual plants that produce the largest seeds
12) The length of a butterfly tongue perfectly matches the nectar tube of a flower it pollinates. This is an example of
coevolution
13) What might happen over time if two bird species competed for the same seed resource and one preferred larger seeds while the other species preferred smaller ones?
Beak sizes might shift over time.
14) Hummingbirds are attracted to red flowers with long tubes. What might you predict would happen to flowers if hummingbirds become the predominant species on a remote island?
Flowers would become gradually more red.
15) On a dare, a student challenges another student to lick a California newt (Taricha torosa). From which population of newts should the student grab an individual to reduce his or her risk of a toxic dose?
from a population with no garter snakes
16) The neurotoxin that Taricha spp. possess to ward off predators is
tetrodotoxin.
17.) In an area with high soil nutrient availability, mycorrhizal fungi are
parasitic
18) Mycorrhizal fungi have a mutually beneficial relationship with plants in environments with soils that
are low in nutrients
The red line in the figure (the furthest to the right) represents
highly resistant garter snake population.
20) In most plant-pollinator interactions, plants species are pollinated by
multiple animal species, and each animal species pollinates multiple plant species.
21) A food web is a better representation of a community than a food chain because most interactions among organisms
are diffuse across a range of contexts.
22) A flower is not ideally matched with a pollinator that visits it daily. Why might that be?
The flower has several other pollinators with differing traits.
23) An invasive bullfrog consumes a Taricha newt and dies immediately. What can you say about the toxin?
It is toxic to general vertebrate predators.
24) An ecological niche is typically ________ dimension/s.
an unspecified number of
25) A species of cattail inhabits both deep and shallow water in the absence of a competitor but only shallow water in the presence of it. This is an example of
a realized niche.
26) The concept of the niche was initially developed by
Grinnell
27) A realized niche can be larger than a fundamental niche
when a commensal species expands another’s niche space.
28) Two species of cattail (Typha) live in shallow water along the shoreline of ponds. Although T. agustifolia can live by itself in water 0-20 cm deep, in the presence of T. latifolia, it occurs only in water > 20 cm deep, whereas T. latifolia occurs in shallower water. In this example, T. agustifolia is limited by competition exploiting its
realized niche
29) The process whereby one species gives rise to several others that exploit different features of the environment is known as
adaptive radiation
30) Adaptive radiation is often the result of
resource competition.
31) The globeflower can host
at least six coexisting species.
32) What does the following formula represent? dN1/dt = r1N1(1 - (N1 + N2)/K1)
population growth of species 1 in presence of species 2
33) As two competing species approach their respective carrying capacities, the growth rate of the other species
slows down
34) Urbanization impacts
most species negatively, but a few positively.
35) In comparison to desert habitats, urban landscapes on average have a
lower number of bird species.
