Chapter 25.3.4 (Ch 26 starts at streak) Flashcards
What is the boundary that marks density change between layers?
Discontinuity
How are discontinuities identified?
By using seismic waves.
What are shadow zones?
Areas in which seismic waves have not been recorded.
What is another term/name for a shadow zone?
Dead Zone
What degrees does the shadow zone fall between?
Between 105° & 140°
Is the outer core a liquid or solid?
It is a liquid.
Is the inner core a solid or liquid? Why?
A solid because of the effects of pressure.
What makes up the lithosphere?
The crust and uppermost mantle.
What is the asthenosphere?
A plastic like layer of which Earth’s plates move on.
Which elements make up the mantle?
Calcium, Aluminum, Iron, & Magnesium.
Which elements make up the core?
Iron & Nickel
Viscosity
The measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.
Silica
The chemical compound of silicon dioxide. SiO2.
Cinder Cone Volcanoes
Tend to be small (have heights in the meter range), and short eruption cycles.
Shield Volcanoes
Broad/flat stuctures, composed of multiple layers of lava flow.
Composite Volcanoes
Large, steep sided, and composed of both layers of lava and ash.
What is molten or liquid rock stored inside earth called?
Magma
Where is the Ring of Fire located?
The Pacific Ocean shore/coastline
Which two specific locations have volcanic activity due to divergents?
Mid Atlantic Ridge and East African Rift Valley
Are hotspots stationary?
Yes, they are stationary.
What can hotspots create?
Islands
Ex: Hawaiian Islands
If the viscosity is higher, will the fluid flow quickly or slowly?
More slowly.
If magma has a high viscosity, will it contain more or less silica?
More. The higher the viscosity, the more silica.
What is pyroclastic material?
Any solid material that erupts from a volcano.
What is the smallest pyroclastic material?
Volcanic ash
What is the largest pyroclastic material?
Volcanic blocks and bombs
What types of gases erupt from a volcano?
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide
What determines the eruptive style of a volcano?
Temperature, magma composition, and velocity.
How are volcanoes classified?
Their size, shape, and eruptive materials.
What type of lava do cinder Cone volcanoes erupt?
High-temp, gas rich, basaltic lava
How long are the eruption cycles of cinder cone volcanoes?
Short eruption cycles.
What type of lava do shield volcanoes have?
They have high-temp, low viscosity, basaltic lava.
What are the three types of volcanoes?
Shield, Cinder Cone, and Composite.
Mineral
A solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence or naturally occurring element or compound that is inorganic solid and has a crystalline structure.
Streak
The color of a mineral in powdered form
Cleavage
The physical property of a mineral that allows it to break along flat planes
Fracture
An uneven break in a mineral
Hardness
The physical property that measures the resistance of a mineral to scratching
Magma
A mineral is ____ , ______, & _______?
Naturally occuring, inorganic solid, & with a crystalline?
What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earths crust?
Oxygen and Silicon.
What does inorganic mean?
Non living material
What does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?
It will determine how it breaks, how hard it is, and the crystal shape it has.
What are all the ways to identify minerals?
Hardness, Crystal shape, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, and atomic arrangement.
What are the two types of lusters?
Metallic and Non-metalllic.
How does metallic luster reflect light?
Its reflects easily like a piece of metal (reflective chrome).
How does non-metallic luster reflect light?
Appears earthy or waxy and shines like glass.
How do you perform a streak test?
By rubbing a mineral on an unglazed white/black porcelain tile.
What are the two types of breakage that can happen to minerals?
Cleavage and fracture.
What is the name of the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral?
Mohs Scale (Mohs Scale of Hardness)
What is the number range on Mohs Scake of hardness?
1-10
How many different crystal shape systems are there?
6 different crystal shape systems
Minerals grow from the_____?
From the inside to the outside.
What are the three ways minerals can form?
Molten rock, Hot water, & Evaporation
What are the two mineral groups?
Silicates and Non-Silicates
Which mineral group is the most abundant in Earth’s crust?
Silicates
Which elements are silicates made up of?
Silicon and Oxygen.
Non-silicates do not contain which element?
Do not contain silicon.
What mineral is used to make glass?
Quartz
Define a Rock
