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Physical Science > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mountain ranges on the sea floor separated by valleys.

A

Mid-Ocean Ridge (MOR)

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2
Q

Long narrow depression. Forms between peaks along MOR (Mid-Ocean Ridge)

A

Rift Valley

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2
Q

The boundary of which to plates collided.

A

Convergent Plate Boundary

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3
Q

Thick continental plate meets dense oceanic plate and the denser plate dives beneath the continent.

A

Subduction

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4
Q

The boundary between two plates moving apart.

A

Divergent Plate Boundary

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5
Q

The boundary of which two plate horizontally move past each other in opposite directions.

A

Transform Plate Boundary

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6
Q

The sudden movement or vibration of the ground when rocks slip/slide along one of Earth’s faults.

A

Earthquake

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7
Q

A crack in Earth’s crust where rock has moved.

A

Fault

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8
Q

The sudden release of strain energy as a rock moves along a fault.

A

Elastic Rebound

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9
Q

The point of origin for an earthquake.

A

Focus

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10
Q

The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus.

A

Epicenter

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11
Q

Who came up with the continental drift hypothesis?

A

Alfred Wegener

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12
Q

What evidence supported Alfred Wegener’s hypothesis?

A
  1. Coastlines match up like puzzle pieces.
  2. large land animal fossil were found.
  3. Mountain ranges match up and rocks have been found of the same composition and age.
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13
Q

What was the name of the supercontinent?

A

Pangea

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14
Q

Who came up with the sea spreading hypothesis.

A

Harry Hess

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15
Q

How did Harry Hess map the bottom of the sea floor?

A

Sonar

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16
Q

What system did Harry Hess discover?

A

Mid-Ocean Range (MOR)

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17
Q

Where is the youngest rock going to be found on the bottom of the sea floor?

A

Nearest to the MOR

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18
Q

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

A
  1. Divergent Boundary
  2. Convergent Boundary
  3. transfor Boundary
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19
Q

How do convergent plate boundaries move?

A

They collide

20
Q

Subduction zones only occur with what type of plate boundary?

A

Convergent plate boundaries

21
Q

How do divergent plate boundaries move?

A

They move apart.

22
Q

What are two specific types of divergent plate boundaries?

A

The MOR and East African Rift

MOR- made up 2 of oceanic crusts

East African Rift- made up of only continental crust

23
Q

How do plate transform boundaries move?

A

The slide alongside eachother in opposite directions.

24
Q

What is a specific type of transform plate boundary?

A

San Andreas Fault

San Andreas Fault- made up of two continental crusts

25
Q

How do convection currents work?

A
  1. Magma heats up, becomes less dense, and then rises.

2. The magma becomes less heated the farther away from the core and eventually falls back down to the core.

26
Q

What are other forces that help plate movement?

A
  1. Slab pull- pulls down along subduction zone
  2. Ridge push- pushes plates apart along MOR
  3. Friction- Helps plates move
27
Q

What land form is created when two continental crusts converge?

A

Mountains

28
Q

What land form is created when two oceanic crusts converge?

A

Deep-sea trench and hot spots (creates islands)

29
Q

what types of landforms are created when oceanic and continental crusts converge?

A

Deep-sea trenches and volcanoes

30
Q

What types of crust are involved in plate moement?

A

Oceanic and Continental crusts

31
Q

What type of plate boundaries have shallow earthquakes?

A

Divergent and Transform Plate Boundaries

70 km below the surface

32
Q

Which plate boundary have deeper earthquakes?

A

Convergent Plate Boundaries

Deeper than 70 km

33
Q

What are the four types of stress rocks can undergo?

A 
Compression Stress (Pushed together)
Tension Stress Pulling or tension of rock)
Shear Stress (rubbing of two surfaces)
Torsion Stress (twisting of surfaces)
34
Q

What are the two types of deformation?

A

Elastic Deformation & Plastic Deformation

35
Q

What happens to the rock when elastic deformation occurs?

A

As soon as the stress is released, it returns to its original shape.

36
Q

What happens to a rock when plastic deformation occurs?

A

As soon as the stress is released it remains in itś new shape.

37
Q

What types of seismic waves are there?

A

Primary Seismic Waves (P Waves)
Secondary Seismic Waves (S Waves)
Surface Seismic Waves

38
Q

Where do seismic waves originate from?

A

They start from the focus.

39
Q

Which type of seismic wave moves the fastest?

A

Primary (P) Wave

40
Q

What type of wave is a Primary (P) Wave? How do they move?

A

Compression Wave. They move back and forth compressing and decompressing.

41
Q

How do Secondary waves move? What types of waves are they?

A

They go up and down perpendicularly. Transverse waves.

42
Q

What materials can Primary (P) waves move through?

A

Liquids and Solids

43
Q

What materials can Secondary (S) waves move through?

A

Solids.

44
Q

What are the most complex and dangerous type of seismic wave?

A

Surface waves (rolling motion causing trees and buildings to collapse.)

45
Q

What two scales are used to measure earthquakes?

A

Richter Scale

Mercalli Scale

46
Q

What does the Richter scale measure?

A

The amount of energy released.

47
Q

What does the Mercalli scale measure?

A

The amount of damage caused.

Physical Science (6 decks)

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