Chapter 25 Blood and Lymphatic Infections Flashcards
Cardiovascular System
-Blood, blood vessels and heart
Lymphatic System
- Lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs
- Macrophages reside in the lymph nodes to filter out invading pathogens as they pass through
Bacterial Endocarditis (Bacterial Disease)
- Inflammation of the heart
- First bacteria have to enter into the blood
- Ex. Streptococcus mutans - enter during dental surgery
- Can then stick to pre-existing lesions
- Ex. damage caused by rheumatic fever or congenital heart defects
Symptoms of Bacterial Endocarditis
- Fever, heart murmur, tissue damage, death
Treatment of Bacterial Endocarditis
- Antibiotics and surgical removal of clots and abscesses
Prevention Bacterial Endocarditis
Antibiotics
- Ex. Antibiotics given directly after dental surgery
Sepsis (Bacterial Disease)
- A life-threatening systemic inflammatory response caused by bacteria or their products in the blood - Ex. Klebsiella pneumonia’s endotoxin
- Can lead to a sudden decrease in blood pressure - septic shock
- Usually begins as an infection elsewhere in the body - Pneumonia, urinary tract infections, or surgical wounds
- Often occurs as a nosocomial infection
Treatment of Sepsis
Bacteriostatic antibiotics
- Antibiotic resistance is a problem - ex. KPC
Prevention of Sepsis
Identify and treat localized infections before they become systemic - controls pathogens like KPC in the hospital
Pseudomonas Infections (Bacterial Disease)
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Opportunistic pathogen - grows in dead tissue around wounds - Produces a blue-green pigment, characteristic of burn infections
- May enter the blood
- Gram negative - produces endotoxin
- Leads to septic shock
Treatment of Pseudomonas Infections
- Difficult because P. aeruginosa is naturally resistance to many antibiotics
- Intravenous antibiotics administered in high doses
Prevention of Pseudomonas Infections
- Difficult because P.aeruginosa naturally resists many disinfectants
- Removal of dead tissue, and tropical antibiotic treatments
Plague - Yersinia pestis (Bacterial Disease)
- Mainly a disease of rats and other rodents
- Transmitted to humans by flea bites
- Bacterium enters the blood and lymph
- Can survive and multiply inside of phagocytic cells
- Lymph nodes in the groin and armpits become enlarged
- Swellings called buboes - bubonic plague
- Untreated - will cause death in 50-80% of patients
Pneumonic Plague (Bacterial Disease)
- Spread by respiratory droplets
- Symptoms are pneumonia-like
- Nearly 100% fatal within 3 days
Treatment: Antibiotics
Prevention: Pest Control
Infectious Mononucleosis - Epstein- Barr virus (Viral Disease)
- Transmitted by direct or indirect contact: Kissing, sharing drinks
- In most of the world infection occurs in early childhood - asymptomatic
- In North America infection often occurs in early adulthood
Symptoms of Infectious Mononucleosis
- Fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes
- More intense immune response
Infectious Mononucleosis Continued (Viral Disease)
- Virus targets B cells
- Tc cells actively destroy B cells - AB mediated immunity weakened
- Disease lasts months - immune system is impaired
- Latent disease linked to Burkitt’s lymphoma, chronic fatigue syndrome
- May also be involved in Multiple sclerosis, Hodgkin’s disease, nasopharyngeal cancer
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (Viral Disease)
- Zoonotic disease, the reservoir is likely a fruit bat
- Can be transmitted to humans when fruit bats are handled
- Highly contagious
- Transmitted between humans through direct or indirect contact with infected blood
Symptoms of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
- High fever
- Vomiting blood
- Bleeding profusely - internal and external openings (Ex. Nose, eyes)
- Multiple organ failure
- Fatal in greater than 50% of cases
Malaria - Plasmodium (Protozoa Disease)
- Carried by mosquitoes in tropical climates
- Targets red blood cells (RBCs) - causes anemia, enlarged spleen
- Characteristic fever cycle, temperature increases to 40-42 degree C every 2-3 days
- New generation of protozoa released from RBCs
Treatment of Malaria
- Quinines (anti-malarial)
- Many strains resistant
Prevention
Mosquito control
- About 300-500 million people infected world-wide
