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Neuropsych > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

1
Q

case of Dave Duerson

died of self inflicted GSW

A
  • 10 concussions
  • probs in decision making and temper control
  • generated brain tissue appears in frontal cortex and medial temporal lobe
  • Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
    • progressive degenerative disease caused by repeated head injuries (concussions and other closed head injuries)
  • difficulty of stimulating functional recovery after brain injury
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2
Q

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

A

progressive degenerative disease caused by repeated head injuries (concussions and other closed head injuries)

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3
Q

concussion is linked to …

A

range of degenerative diseases later in life, including Alzheimer’s, parkinsons’, motor neuron disease, and CTE

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4
Q

principles of plasiticity

A
  1. plasticity is common to all nervous systems, and the principles are conserved
  2. plasticity can be analyzed at many levels
  3. the two general types of plasticity derive from experience
  4. similar behavioral changes can correlated with different plastic changes
  5. experience-dependent changes interact
  6. plasticity is age dependent
  7. plastic changes are time dependent
  8. plasticity is related to an experience’s relevance to the animal
  9. plasticity is related to the intensity or frequency of experiences
  10. plasticity can be maladaptive
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5
Q
  1. plasticity is common to all nervous systems, and the principles are conserved
A

even simple animals like worms can learn to make associations between sensory events

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6
Q
  1. plasticity can be analyzed at many levels
A

behavior, neural imaging, cortical maps, physiology, synaptic organization, mitotic activity, and molecular structure

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7
Q

plasticity at behavioral level

A
  • learning and remembering new information must entail changes in nervous system cells, changes that would constitute neural record of learned info
  • using special prism glasses to manipulate the visual field → participants will perform more complex activity such as skiing and riding a bicycle with the devices on
How well did you know this?
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8
Q

plasticity at cortical map level

A
  • cortical maps of motor and somatosensory organization can be determined by stimulating the cortex
  • size and organization determined by stimulating the cortex either thru micro electrodes, TMS, or functional imaging
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9
Q

plasticity at physiology level

A

LTP and kindling

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10
Q

long term potentiation (LTP)

A

physiology

change of the synaptic efficiency due to high frequency electrical stimulation

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11
Q

kindling

A

physiology

the development of persistent seizure activity after repeated exposure to an initially subconvulsant stimulus

associated with change in synaptic organization

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12
Q

plasticity at synaptic organization level

A

studies using golgi type stains and by electron microscope tech showed experience-dependent change in cells - dendritic arborization

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13
Q

plasticity at mitotic level

A

olfactory bulbs and hippocampus incorporate new neurons into existing circuity throughout life

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14
Q

plasticity at molecular level

A

genetic screening techniques can show how a particular experience affects different genes

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15
Q
  1. the two general types of plasticity derive from experience
A

experience-expectant plasticity & experience-dependent plasticity

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16
Q

experience-expectant plasticity

A
  • mostly during development
  • development of different brain systems by specific types of experience
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17
Q

experience-dependent plasticity

A
  • modifications of existing neuronal ensembles
  • ex: when animals learn to solve problems
  • ex: when topographic maps expand or shrink inn response to experience or in response to abnormal experiences
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18
Q
  1. similar behavioral changes can correlated with different plastic changes
A

synaptic changes simply reflect changes in neuronal ensembles underlying the new behavior

How well did you know this?
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19
Q
  1. experience-dependent changes interact
A
  • metaplasticity:
    • how plasticity interact with each other (the plasticity of synaptic plasticity)
    • animals exposed to complex housing before receiving stimulant drugs showed a reduced response to the drug
How well did you know this?
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20
Q
  1. plasticity is age dependent
A
  • similar experiences trigger different plastic responses at different ages
  • metaplastic changes depend on previous experience
  • ex: once brain has been changed by nicotine it will likely respond to other experiences differently later in lfie
How well did you know this?
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21
Q
  1. plastic changes are time dependent
A
  • synaptic changes may be stable or may change over time
  • ex: transient increase of dendritic length in medial prefrontal cortex of rats in complex environment
How well did you know this?
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22
Q
  1. plasticity is related to an experience’s relevance to the animal
A

ex: taste aversion learning

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23
Q
  1. plasticity is related to the intensity or frequency of experiences
A

ex: inc size of the plastic changes in prefrontal neurons of rats with differing doses of amphetamine intake

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24
Q
  1. plasticity can be maladaptive
A
  • ex: maladaptive behaviors of drug addicts due to drug related changes in prefrontal morphology
  • ex: development of pathological pain, pathological response to sickness, epilepsy, and dementia
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25
Q

recovery

A

complete return of function a marked improvement in function or at least a marked improvement

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26
Q

BK case

stroke - left upper field defect in which 1/4 of phobia was devoid of parent vision

A
  • initially unable to read and impaired at recognizing faces
  • BK regained reading and facial recognition abilities after tome time without recovery of original behaviors
    • these strategies developed spontaneously → compensation
How well did you know this?
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27
Q

Plasticity after Injury

functional imaging (fMRI and TMS)

A
  • after stroke - provide window into cerebral plasticity
  • if patients can recover from stroke despite having lost significant cortical areas then we can conclude that some type of change has taken place in the remaining parts of the brain
  • repeatedly used in the weeks and months after stroke to document changes in cerebra activation that might correlate with functional improvement
How well did you know this?
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28
Q

squirrel monkey motor cortex

A

physiological mapping

  • efficacy of therapy bc some recovery was in place - especially in recovery of using the digits represented by missing area
  • therapy is necessary for retaining function of undamaged cortex and the movement it presents, but can also promote compensation for other affected body parts
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29
Q

Variables affecting Recovery

A

youth, handedness, sex, intelligence, personality

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30
Q

Variables affecting Recovery

youth

A
  • contributing factor to the onset of many kind of brain damage
  • recovery may tend to be obscured by aging
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31
Q

Variables affecting Recovery

handedness

A

familial left handers appear to be less lateralized in function than right-handers → providing an advantage for recruiting undamaged regions after brain injury.

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32
Q

variables affecting recovery

sex

A

if females have more bilateral functional activation, then they should show more functional recovery

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33
Q

variable affecting recovery

intelligence

A

intelligent ppl may recover better

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34
Q

Variables affecting Recovery

personality

A

optimistic, extroverted, and easygoing people are thought to have better recovery

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35
Q

Therapeutic Approaches after brain damage

A
  1. rehab with experiential, behavioral, and psychological therapies
  2. pharmacological therapies - immediate post surgery period
  3. brain stimulation increases brain activity
  4. brain tissue transplants and stem cell induction techniques
  5. diet
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36
Q

rehabilitation

A

experiential, behavioral, and psychological therapies

  1. movement therapy
  2. tactile stimulation
  3. cognitive rehab
  4. other behavioral therapies
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37
Q

movement therapy

A

constraint-induced therapy

  • effective in stimulating sometimes dramatic improvement in using the affected limb
  • motor training stimulates plastic changes in brain leading to enlargement of motor representation of affected arm and hand
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38
Q

tactile stimulation

A

massage or light stimulation

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39
Q

cognitive rehabilitation

A
  • for many brain injured people are not strictly sensory or motor but very often are more complex cognitive problems such as memory disturbances or spatial disorientations.
  • microsoft sensecam
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40
Q

other behavioral therapies

A

robotic devices or bilateral arm training, treadmill training, task oriented physical therapy, and music therapy

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41
Q

brain stimulation

A

increases brain activity

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42
Q

pharmacological therapies

A
  • intended to promote recovery in the immediate post-surgery period
  • use of compounds to facilitate plastic changes in the brain
  1. using psychoactive drugs to stimulate changes
    • ex: psychoactive drugs such as amphetamine, nicotine, and marijuana stimulate cortical and subcortical circuits in the healthy brain.
  2. using compounds that enhance axonal sprouting after cerebral injury
How well did you know this?
1
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2
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4
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43
Q

electrical stimulation

A
  • induced activity in perilesional regions
  • ex: vagus nerve stimulation - provides a novel form of electrical stimulation because low level vagal stimulation releases acetylcholine and/or epinephrine
    • epilepsy and depression
How well did you know this?
1
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44
Q

brain tissue transplants and stem cell induction

A
  • restoring healthy brain function
  • fetal stem cell transplatns
  • stem cell growth stimulation using fetal tissue transplants
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45
Q

diet

A
  • building blocks for plastic change
  • dietary choline supplementation during perinatal period led to the increased levels of nerve growth in the hippocampus and neocortex
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46
Q

Following limb amputations, the original map of the missing limb has been found to:

A

become relocated to other body regions

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47
Q

What is the development of persistent seizure activity after repeated exposure to an initially subconvulsant stimulus?

A

kindling

48
Q

Which would be a case of complete recovery rather than compensation?

  1. a cat that is able to regain prior levels of agility following the amputation of a leg
  2. a patient with hemianopia who redirects his gaze so that visual stimuli fall in the unaffected part of his visual field
  3. a posttrauma head-injury patient who no longer demonstrates sensitivity to bright lights, numbness of the body, or speech difficulty
  4. an infant whose language functions are lateralized to the right hemisphere, at a cost to right-hemisphere function
A

a posttrauma head-injury patient who no longer demonstrates sensitivity to bright lights, numbness of the body, or speech difficulty

49
Q

Overall, recovery from brain damage seems less likely if the patient is _____.

  1. optimistic
  2. intelligent
  3. young
  4. elderly
A

elderly

50
Q

The type of therapeutic intervention that is directed toward improving a patient’s daily difficulty in finding their way home would be?

A

cognitive rehabilitation

51
Q

Which type of therapy for brain injury involves stimulating the production of new neurons in the brain?

A

stem-cell induction

52
Q

Your patient is a 5-year-old child. His mother reports that the child frequently collapses suddenly and without warning. The first diagnostic tool you should probably use is:

  1. an EEG
  2. a complete body CT scan
  3. a drug scan for narcotics in the child’s bloodstream
  4. the Glasgow coma scale
A

an EEG

53
Q

“Cerebral vascular accident” is another term for:

A

stroke

54
Q
  • 10 concussions
  • probs in decision making and temper control
  • generated brain tissue appears in frontal cortex and medial temporal lobe
  • Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
    • progressive degenerative disease caused by repeated head injuries (concussions and other closed head injuries)
  • difficulty of stimulating functional recovery after brain injury
A

case of Dave Duerson

died of self inflicted GSW

55
Q

progressive degenerative disease caused by repeated head injuries (concussions and other closed head injuries)

A

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

56
Q

range of degenerative diseases later in life, including Alzheimer’s, parkinsons’, motor neuron disease, and CTE

A

concussion is linked to …

57
Q
  1. plasticity is common to all nervous systems, and the principles are conserved
  2. plasticity can be analyzed at many levels
  3. the two general types of plasticity derive from experience
  4. similar behavioral changes can correlated with different plastic changes
  5. experience-dependent changes interact
  6. plasticity is age dependent
  7. plastic changes are time dependent
  8. plasticity is related to an experience’s relevance to the animal
  9. plasticity is related to the intensity or frequency of experiences
  10. plasticity can be maladaptive
A

principles of plasiticity

58
Q

even simple animals like worms can learn to make associations between sensory events

A
  1. plasticity is common to all nervous systems, and the principles are conserved
59
Q

behavior, neural imaging, cortical maps, physiology, synaptic organization, mitotic activity, and molecular structure

A
  1. plasticity can be analyzed at many levels
60
Q
  • learning and remembering new information must entail changes in nervous system cells, changes that would constitute neural record of learned info
  • using special prism glasses to manipulate the visual field → participants will perform more complex activity such as skiing and riding a bicycle with the devices on
A

plasticity at behavioral level

61
Q
  • cortical maps of motor and somatosensory organization can be determined by stimulating the cortex
  • size and organization determined by stimulating the cortex either thru micro electrodes, TMS, or functional imaging
A

plasticity at cortical map level

62
Q

LTP and kindling

A

plasticity at physiology level

63
Q

physiology

change of the synaptic efficiency due to high frequency electrical stimulation

A

long term potentiation (LTP)

64
Q

physiology

the development of persistent seizure activity after repeated exposure to an initially subconvulsant stimulus

associated with change in synaptic organization

A

kindling

65
Q

studies using golgi type stains and by electron microscope tech showed experience-dependent change in cells - dendritic arborization

A

plasticity at synaptic organization level

66
Q

olfactory bulbs and hippocampus incorporate new neurons into existing circuity throughout life

A

plasticity at mitotic level

67
Q

genetic screening techniques can show how a particular experience affects different genes

A

plasticity at molecular level

68
Q

experience-expectant plasticity & experience-dependent plasticity

A
  1. the two general types of plasticity derive from experience
69
Q
  • mostly during development
  • development of different brain systems by specific types of experience
A

experience-expectant plasticity

70
Q
  • modifications of existing neuronal ensembles
  • ex: when animals learn to solve problems
  • ex: when topographic maps expand or shrink inn response to experience or in response to abnormal experiences
A

experience-dependent plasticity

71
Q

synaptic changes simply reflect changes in neuronal ensembles underlying the new behavior

A
  1. similar behavioral changes can correlated with different plastic changes
72
Q
  • metaplasticity:
    • how plasticity interact with each other (the plasticity of synaptic plasticity)
    • animals exposed to complex housing before receiving stimulant drugs showed a reduced response to the drug
A
  1. experience-dependent changes interact
73
Q
  • similar experiences trigger different plastic responses at different ages
  • metaplastic changes depend on previous experience
  • ex: once brain has been changed by nicotine it will likely respond to other experiences differently later in lfie
A
  1. plasticity is age dependent
74
Q
  • synaptic changes may be stable or may change over time
  • ex: transient increase of dendritic length in medial prefrontal cortex of rats in complex environment
A
  1. plastic changes are time dependent
75
Q

ex: taste aversion learning

A
  1. plasticity is related to an experience’s relevance to the animal
76
Q

ex: inc size of the plastic changes in prefrontal neurons of rats with differing doses of amphetamine intake

A
  1. plasticity is related to the intensity or frequency of experiences
77
Q
  • ex: maladaptive behaviors of drug addicts due to drug related changes in prefrontal morphology
  • ex: development of pathological pain, pathological response to sickness, epilepsy, and dementia
A
  1. plasticity can be maladaptive
78
Q

complete return of function a marked improvement in function or at least a marked improvement

A

recovery

79
Q
  • initially unable to read and impaired at recognizing faces
  • BK regained reading and facial recognition abilities after tome time without recovery of original behaviors
    • these strategies developed spontaneously → compensation
A

BK case

stroke - left upper field defect in which 1/4 of phobia was devoid of parent vision

80
Q
  • after stroke - provide window into cerebral plasticity
  • if patients can recover from stroke despite having lost significant cortical areas then we can conclude that some type of change has taken place in the remaining parts of the brain
  • repeatedly used in the weeks and months after stroke to document changes in cerebra activation that might correlate with functional improvement
A

Plasticity after Injury

functional imaging (fMRI and TMS)

81
Q

physiological mapping

  • efficacy of therapy bc some recovery was in place - especially in recovery of using the digits represented by missing area
  • therapy is necessary for retaining function of undamaged cortex and the movement it presents, but can also promote compensation for other affected body parts
A

squirrel monkey motor cortex

82
Q

youth, handedness, sex, intelligence, personality

A

Variables affecting Recovery

83
Q
  • contributing factor to the onset of many kind of brain damage
  • recovery may tend to be obscured by aging
A

Variables affecting Recovery

youth

84
Q

familial left handers appear to be less lateralized in function than right-handers → providing an advantage for recruiting undamaged regions after brain injury.

A

Variables affecting Recovery

handedness

85
Q

if females have more bilateral functional activation, then they should show more functional recovery

A

variables affecting recovery

sex

86
Q

intelligent ppl may recover better

A

variable affecting recovery

intelligence

87
Q

optimistic, extroverted, and easygoing people are thought to have better recovery

A

Variables affecting Recovery

personality

88
Q
  1. rehab with experiential, behavioral, and psychological therapies
  2. pharmacological therapies - immediate post surgery period
  3. brain stimulation increases brain activity
  4. brain tissue transplants and stem cell induction techniques
  5. diet
A

Therapeutic Approaches after brain damage

89
Q

experiential, behavioral, and psychological therapies

  1. movement therapy
  2. tactile stimulation
  3. cognitive rehab
  4. other behavioral therapies
A

rehabilitation

90
Q

constraint-induced therapy

  • effective in stimulating sometimes dramatic improvement in using the affected limb
  • motor training stimulates plastic changes in brain leading to enlargement of motor representation of affected arm and hand
A

movement therapy

91
Q

massage or light stimulation

A

tactile stimulation

92
Q
  • for many brain injured people are not strictly sensory or motor but very often are more complex cognitive problems such as memory disturbances or spatial disorientations.
  • microsoft sensecam
A

cognitive rehabilitation

93
Q

robotic devices or bilateral arm training, treadmill training, task oriented physical therapy, and music therapy

A

other behavioral therapies

94
Q

increases brain activity

A

brain stimulation

95
Q
  • intended to promote recovery in the immediate post-surgery period
  • use of compounds to facilitate plastic changes in the brain
  1. using psychoactive drugs to stimulate changes
    • ex: psychoactive drugs such as amphetamine, nicotine, and marijuana stimulate cortical and subcortical circuits in the healthy brain.
  2. using compounds that enhance axonal sprouting after cerebral injury
A

pharmacological therapies

96
Q
  • induced activity in perilesional regions
  • ex: vagus nerve stimulation - provides a novel form of electrical stimulation because low level vagal stimulation releases acetylcholine and/or epinephrine
    • epilepsy and depression
A

electrical stimulation

97
Q
  • restoring healthy brain function
  • fetal stem cell transplatns
  • stem cell growth stimulation using fetal tissue transplants
A

brain tissue transplants and stem cell induction

98
Q
  • building blocks for plastic change
  • dietary choline supplementation during perinatal period led to the increased levels of nerve growth in the hippocampus and neocortex
A

diet

99
Q

a neuron that reliably reacts w a burst of activity at regular intervals as an animal moves through the environment would be classified as:

A

grid cells

100
Q

a common attribute of place, grid, and head direction cells is:

  1. stability in the face of changing environmental cues
  2. location only in the hippocampus
  3. sensitivity to changes in environmental cues
  4. location in rats, mice, and monkets
  5. none of the above
A

sensitivity to changes in environmental cues

101
Q

which of the following is true of head direction but not of place cells?

  1. head direction cells cease their activity when the animal ceases moving
  2. head direction cells continue to be active even when the animal is restrained
  3. the activity of head direction cells is to be sensitive to changes in environmental cues
  4. the activity of head direction cells is insensitive to changes in environment cues
  5. none of the above
A

head direction cells continue to be active even when the animal is restrained

102
Q

our capacity to successfully navigate from one place in our environment to another depends on the ability known as:

A

topographic memory

103
Q

the mental representation of the parts of the environment beyond onnne’s outstretched fingers is referred to as a:

A

cognitive map of distal space

104
Q

gross disability in finding one’s way about is termed:

A

topographic disorientation

105
Q

in the context of spatial behavior, the term “egocentric” refers to the localization of environmental stimuli with reference to:

  1. prominent unchanging landmarks
  2. one’s own body
  3. one’s sense of self importance
  4. imagined landmarks
  5. none of the above
A

one’s own body

106
Q

a patient who experiences no difficulties finding her way around the home where she lived for most of her adult life but becomes spatially disoriented in her most recent home can be said to be suffering from ___ disorientation

A

anterograde

107
Q

in the diagram, the inferior frontal gyrus is colored in:

A

blue

108
Q

in the amnesic HM, his basic IQ scores ___ with long term follow up exams, and his amnesia ___.

  1. remained constant; also remained constant
  2. improved; also improved
  3. improved; remained unchanged
  4. deteriorated; remained unchanged
  5. none of the above
A

improved; remained unchanged

109
Q

after a series of higher than normal stimulations followed by a rest period, a baseline stimulation to a neuron elicits a greater excitatory postsynaptic potential from another neuron that receives its projections. this phenomenon is know as:

A

LTP

110
Q

LTP was first found in the

  1. hippocampus
  2. cerebellum
  3. pulvinar nucleus
  4. amygdala
  5. none of the above
A

hippocampus

111
Q

as the human brain evolved an increased sensory capacity, it also required a mech for selective awareness and stimulus response. this mech is called

A

attention

112
Q

searching for a street sign in order to make a turn is an example of a(n) __ process

A

top down

113
Q

stimuli that pop out in a visual array illustrate the process of

A

bottom up processing

114
Q

the neglect syndrome has been associated with deficits in which attention network?

A

dorsal orienting network

115
Q

work by corbetta and colleagues suggest that the ___ is activated during attention shift studies, regardless of which visual field contains the stimulus

A

right parietal cortex

116
Q

most cases of balint syndrome involve:

  1. bilateral temporal lobe damage
  2. bilateral occipital lobe damage
  3. bilateral parietal lobe damage
  4. right unilateral parietal lobe damage
  5. none of the above
A

bilateral parietal lobe damage

Neuropsych (15 decks)

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