Chapter 25 Flashcards
case of Dave Duerson
died of self inflicted GSW
- 10 concussions
- probs in decision making and temper control
- generated brain tissue appears in frontal cortex and medial temporal lobe
- Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
- progressive degenerative disease caused by repeated head injuries (concussions and other closed head injuries)
- difficulty of stimulating functional recovery after brain injury
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
progressive degenerative disease caused by repeated head injuries (concussions and other closed head injuries)
concussion is linked to …
range of degenerative diseases later in life, including Alzheimer’s, parkinsons’, motor neuron disease, and CTE
principles of plasiticity
- plasticity is common to all nervous systems, and the principles are conserved
- plasticity can be analyzed at many levels
- the two general types of plasticity derive from experience
- similar behavioral changes can correlated with different plastic changes
- experience-dependent changes interact
- plasticity is age dependent
- plastic changes are time dependent
- plasticity is related to an experience’s relevance to the animal
- plasticity is related to the intensity or frequency of experiences
- plasticity can be maladaptive
- plasticity is common to all nervous systems, and the principles are conserved
even simple animals like worms can learn to make associations between sensory events
- plasticity can be analyzed at many levels
behavior, neural imaging, cortical maps, physiology, synaptic organization, mitotic activity, and molecular structure
plasticity at behavioral level
- learning and remembering new information must entail changes in nervous system cells, changes that would constitute neural record of learned info
- using special prism glasses to manipulate the visual field → participants will perform more complex activity such as skiing and riding a bicycle with the devices on
plasticity at cortical map level
- cortical maps of motor and somatosensory organization can be determined by stimulating the cortex
- size and organization determined by stimulating the cortex either thru micro electrodes, TMS, or functional imaging
plasticity at physiology level
LTP and kindling
long term potentiation (LTP)
physiology
change of the synaptic efficiency due to high frequency electrical stimulation
kindling
physiology
the development of persistent seizure activity after repeated exposure to an initially subconvulsant stimulus
associated with change in synaptic organization
plasticity at synaptic organization level
studies using golgi type stains and by electron microscope tech showed experience-dependent change in cells - dendritic arborization
plasticity at mitotic level
olfactory bulbs and hippocampus incorporate new neurons into existing circuity throughout life
plasticity at molecular level
genetic screening techniques can show how a particular experience affects different genes
- the two general types of plasticity derive from experience
experience-expectant plasticity & experience-dependent plasticity
experience-expectant plasticity
- mostly during development
- development of different brain systems by specific types of experience
experience-dependent plasticity
- modifications of existing neuronal ensembles
- ex: when animals learn to solve problems
- ex: when topographic maps expand or shrink inn response to experience or in response to abnormal experiences
- similar behavioral changes can correlated with different plastic changes
synaptic changes simply reflect changes in neuronal ensembles underlying the new behavior
- experience-dependent changes interact
- metaplasticity:
- how plasticity interact with each other (the plasticity of synaptic plasticity)
- animals exposed to complex housing before receiving stimulant drugs showed a reduced response to the drug
- plasticity is age dependent
- similar experiences trigger different plastic responses at different ages
- metaplastic changes depend on previous experience
- ex: once brain has been changed by nicotine it will likely respond to other experiences differently later in lfie
- plastic changes are time dependent
- synaptic changes may be stable or may change over time
- ex: transient increase of dendritic length in medial prefrontal cortex of rats in complex environment
- plasticity is related to an experience’s relevance to the animal
ex: taste aversion learning
- plasticity is related to the intensity or frequency of experiences
ex: inc size of the plastic changes in prefrontal neurons of rats with differing doses of amphetamine intake
- plasticity can be maladaptive
- ex: maladaptive behaviors of drug addicts due to drug related changes in prefrontal morphology
- ex: development of pathological pain, pathological response to sickness, epilepsy, and dementia
recovery
complete return of function a marked improvement in function or at least a marked improvement
BK case
stroke - left upper field defect in which 1/4 of phobia was devoid of parent vision
- initially unable to read and impaired at recognizing faces
- BK regained reading and facial recognition abilities after tome time without recovery of original behaviors
- these strategies developed spontaneously → compensation
Plasticity after Injury
functional imaging (fMRI and TMS)
- after stroke - provide window into cerebral plasticity
- if patients can recover from stroke despite having lost significant cortical areas then we can conclude that some type of change has taken place in the remaining parts of the brain
- repeatedly used in the weeks and months after stroke to document changes in cerebra activation that might correlate with functional improvement
squirrel monkey motor cortex
physiological mapping
- efficacy of therapy bc some recovery was in place - especially in recovery of using the digits represented by missing area
- therapy is necessary for retaining function of undamaged cortex and the movement it presents, but can also promote compensation for other affected body parts
Variables affecting Recovery
youth, handedness, sex, intelligence, personality
Variables affecting Recovery
youth
- contributing factor to the onset of many kind of brain damage
- recovery may tend to be obscured by aging
Variables affecting Recovery
handedness
familial left handers appear to be less lateralized in function than right-handers → providing an advantage for recruiting undamaged regions after brain injury.
variables affecting recovery
sex
if females have more bilateral functional activation, then they should show more functional recovery
variable affecting recovery
intelligence
intelligent ppl may recover better
Variables affecting Recovery
personality
optimistic, extroverted, and easygoing people are thought to have better recovery
Therapeutic Approaches after brain damage
- rehab with experiential, behavioral, and psychological therapies
- pharmacological therapies - immediate post surgery period
- brain stimulation increases brain activity
- brain tissue transplants and stem cell induction techniques
- diet
rehabilitation
experiential, behavioral, and psychological therapies
- movement therapy
- tactile stimulation
- cognitive rehab
- other behavioral therapies
movement therapy
constraint-induced therapy
- effective in stimulating sometimes dramatic improvement in using the affected limb
- motor training stimulates plastic changes in brain leading to enlargement of motor representation of affected arm and hand
tactile stimulation
massage or light stimulation
cognitive rehabilitation
- for many brain injured people are not strictly sensory or motor but very often are more complex cognitive problems such as memory disturbances or spatial disorientations.
- microsoft sensecam
other behavioral therapies
robotic devices or bilateral arm training, treadmill training, task oriented physical therapy, and music therapy
brain stimulation
increases brain activity
pharmacological therapies
- intended to promote recovery in the immediate post-surgery period
- use of compounds to facilitate plastic changes in the brain
- using psychoactive drugs to stimulate changes
- ex: psychoactive drugs such as amphetamine, nicotine, and marijuana stimulate cortical and subcortical circuits in the healthy brain.
- using compounds that enhance axonal sprouting after cerebral injury
electrical stimulation
- induced activity in perilesional regions
- ex: vagus nerve stimulation - provides a novel form of electrical stimulation because low level vagal stimulation releases acetylcholine and/or epinephrine
- epilepsy and depression
brain tissue transplants and stem cell induction
- restoring healthy brain function
- fetal stem cell transplatns
- stem cell growth stimulation using fetal tissue transplants
diet
- building blocks for plastic change
- dietary choline supplementation during perinatal period led to the increased levels of nerve growth in the hippocampus and neocortex
Following limb amputations, the original map of the missing limb has been found to:
become relocated to other body regions
What is the development of persistent seizure activity after repeated exposure to an initially subconvulsant stimulus?
kindling
Which would be a case of complete recovery rather than compensation?
- a cat that is able to regain prior levels of agility following the amputation of a leg
- a patient with hemianopia who redirects his gaze so that visual stimuli fall in the unaffected part of his visual field
- a posttrauma head-injury patient who no longer demonstrates sensitivity to bright lights, numbness of the body, or speech difficulty
- an infant whose language functions are lateralized to the right hemisphere, at a cost to right-hemisphere function
a posttrauma head-injury patient who no longer demonstrates sensitivity to bright lights, numbness of the body, or speech difficulty
Overall, recovery from brain damage seems less likely if the patient is _____.
- optimistic
- intelligent
- young
- elderly
elderly
The type of therapeutic intervention that is directed toward improving a patient’s daily difficulty in finding their way home would be?
cognitive rehabilitation
Which type of therapy for brain injury involves stimulating the production of new neurons in the brain?
stem-cell induction
Your patient is a 5-year-old child. His mother reports that the child frequently collapses suddenly and without warning. The first diagnostic tool you should probably use is:
- an EEG
- a complete body CT scan
- a drug scan for narcotics in the child’s bloodstream
- the Glasgow coma scale
an EEG
“Cerebral vascular accident” is another term for:
stroke
- 10 concussions
- probs in decision making and temper control
- generated brain tissue appears in frontal cortex and medial temporal lobe
- Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
- progressive degenerative disease caused by repeated head injuries (concussions and other closed head injuries)
- difficulty of stimulating functional recovery after brain injury
case of Dave Duerson
died of self inflicted GSW
progressive degenerative disease caused by repeated head injuries (concussions and other closed head injuries)
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
range of degenerative diseases later in life, including Alzheimer’s, parkinsons’, motor neuron disease, and CTE
concussion is linked to …
- plasticity is common to all nervous systems, and the principles are conserved
- plasticity can be analyzed at many levels
- the two general types of plasticity derive from experience
- similar behavioral changes can correlated with different plastic changes
- experience-dependent changes interact
- plasticity is age dependent
- plastic changes are time dependent
- plasticity is related to an experience’s relevance to the animal
- plasticity is related to the intensity or frequency of experiences
- plasticity can be maladaptive
principles of plasiticity
even simple animals like worms can learn to make associations between sensory events
- plasticity is common to all nervous systems, and the principles are conserved
behavior, neural imaging, cortical maps, physiology, synaptic organization, mitotic activity, and molecular structure
- plasticity can be analyzed at many levels
- learning and remembering new information must entail changes in nervous system cells, changes that would constitute neural record of learned info
- using special prism glasses to manipulate the visual field → participants will perform more complex activity such as skiing and riding a bicycle with the devices on
plasticity at behavioral level
- cortical maps of motor and somatosensory organization can be determined by stimulating the cortex
- size and organization determined by stimulating the cortex either thru micro electrodes, TMS, or functional imaging
plasticity at cortical map level
LTP and kindling
plasticity at physiology level
physiology
change of the synaptic efficiency due to high frequency electrical stimulation
long term potentiation (LTP)
physiology
the development of persistent seizure activity after repeated exposure to an initially subconvulsant stimulus
associated with change in synaptic organization
kindling
studies using golgi type stains and by electron microscope tech showed experience-dependent change in cells - dendritic arborization
plasticity at synaptic organization level
olfactory bulbs and hippocampus incorporate new neurons into existing circuity throughout life
plasticity at mitotic level
genetic screening techniques can show how a particular experience affects different genes
plasticity at molecular level
experience-expectant plasticity & experience-dependent plasticity
- the two general types of plasticity derive from experience
- mostly during development
- development of different brain systems by specific types of experience
experience-expectant plasticity
- modifications of existing neuronal ensembles
- ex: when animals learn to solve problems
- ex: when topographic maps expand or shrink inn response to experience or in response to abnormal experiences
experience-dependent plasticity
synaptic changes simply reflect changes in neuronal ensembles underlying the new behavior
- similar behavioral changes can correlated with different plastic changes
- metaplasticity:
- how plasticity interact with each other (the plasticity of synaptic plasticity)
- animals exposed to complex housing before receiving stimulant drugs showed a reduced response to the drug
- experience-dependent changes interact
- similar experiences trigger different plastic responses at different ages
- metaplastic changes depend on previous experience
- ex: once brain has been changed by nicotine it will likely respond to other experiences differently later in lfie
- plasticity is age dependent
- synaptic changes may be stable or may change over time
- ex: transient increase of dendritic length in medial prefrontal cortex of rats in complex environment
- plastic changes are time dependent
ex: taste aversion learning
- plasticity is related to an experience’s relevance to the animal
ex: inc size of the plastic changes in prefrontal neurons of rats with differing doses of amphetamine intake
- plasticity is related to the intensity or frequency of experiences
- ex: maladaptive behaviors of drug addicts due to drug related changes in prefrontal morphology
- ex: development of pathological pain, pathological response to sickness, epilepsy, and dementia
- plasticity can be maladaptive
complete return of function a marked improvement in function or at least a marked improvement
recovery
- initially unable to read and impaired at recognizing faces
- BK regained reading and facial recognition abilities after tome time without recovery of original behaviors
- these strategies developed spontaneously → compensation
BK case
stroke - left upper field defect in which 1/4 of phobia was devoid of parent vision
- after stroke - provide window into cerebral plasticity
- if patients can recover from stroke despite having lost significant cortical areas then we can conclude that some type of change has taken place in the remaining parts of the brain
- repeatedly used in the weeks and months after stroke to document changes in cerebra activation that might correlate with functional improvement
Plasticity after Injury
functional imaging (fMRI and TMS)
physiological mapping
- efficacy of therapy bc some recovery was in place - especially in recovery of using the digits represented by missing area
- therapy is necessary for retaining function of undamaged cortex and the movement it presents, but can also promote compensation for other affected body parts
squirrel monkey motor cortex
youth, handedness, sex, intelligence, personality
Variables affecting Recovery
- contributing factor to the onset of many kind of brain damage
- recovery may tend to be obscured by aging
Variables affecting Recovery
youth
familial left handers appear to be less lateralized in function than right-handers → providing an advantage for recruiting undamaged regions after brain injury.
Variables affecting Recovery
handedness
if females have more bilateral functional activation, then they should show more functional recovery
variables affecting recovery
sex
intelligent ppl may recover better
variable affecting recovery
intelligence
optimistic, extroverted, and easygoing people are thought to have better recovery
Variables affecting Recovery
personality
- rehab with experiential, behavioral, and psychological therapies
- pharmacological therapies - immediate post surgery period
- brain stimulation increases brain activity
- brain tissue transplants and stem cell induction techniques
- diet
Therapeutic Approaches after brain damage
experiential, behavioral, and psychological therapies
- movement therapy
- tactile stimulation
- cognitive rehab
- other behavioral therapies
rehabilitation
constraint-induced therapy
- effective in stimulating sometimes dramatic improvement in using the affected limb
- motor training stimulates plastic changes in brain leading to enlargement of motor representation of affected arm and hand
movement therapy
massage or light stimulation
tactile stimulation
- for many brain injured people are not strictly sensory or motor but very often are more complex cognitive problems such as memory disturbances or spatial disorientations.
- microsoft sensecam
cognitive rehabilitation
robotic devices or bilateral arm training, treadmill training, task oriented physical therapy, and music therapy
other behavioral therapies
increases brain activity
brain stimulation
- intended to promote recovery in the immediate post-surgery period
- use of compounds to facilitate plastic changes in the brain
- using psychoactive drugs to stimulate changes
- ex: psychoactive drugs such as amphetamine, nicotine, and marijuana stimulate cortical and subcortical circuits in the healthy brain.
- using compounds that enhance axonal sprouting after cerebral injury
pharmacological therapies
- induced activity in perilesional regions
- ex: vagus nerve stimulation - provides a novel form of electrical stimulation because low level vagal stimulation releases acetylcholine and/or epinephrine
- epilepsy and depression
electrical stimulation
- restoring healthy brain function
- fetal stem cell transplatns
- stem cell growth stimulation using fetal tissue transplants
brain tissue transplants and stem cell induction
- building blocks for plastic change
- dietary choline supplementation during perinatal period led to the increased levels of nerve growth in the hippocampus and neocortex
diet
a neuron that reliably reacts w a burst of activity at regular intervals as an animal moves through the environment would be classified as:
grid cells
a common attribute of place, grid, and head direction cells is:
- stability in the face of changing environmental cues
- location only in the hippocampus
- sensitivity to changes in environmental cues
- location in rats, mice, and monkets
- none of the above
sensitivity to changes in environmental cues
which of the following is true of head direction but not of place cells?
- head direction cells cease their activity when the animal ceases moving
- head direction cells continue to be active even when the animal is restrained
- the activity of head direction cells is to be sensitive to changes in environmental cues
- the activity of head direction cells is insensitive to changes in environment cues
- none of the above
head direction cells continue to be active even when the animal is restrained
our capacity to successfully navigate from one place in our environment to another depends on the ability known as:
topographic memory
the mental representation of the parts of the environment beyond onnne’s outstretched fingers is referred to as a:
cognitive map of distal space
gross disability in finding one’s way about is termed:
topographic disorientation
in the context of spatial behavior, the term “egocentric” refers to the localization of environmental stimuli with reference to:
- prominent unchanging landmarks
- one’s own body
- one’s sense of self importance
- imagined landmarks
- none of the above
one’s own body
a patient who experiences no difficulties finding her way around the home where she lived for most of her adult life but becomes spatially disoriented in her most recent home can be said to be suffering from ___ disorientation
anterograde
in the diagram, the inferior frontal gyrus is colored in:
blue
in the amnesic HM, his basic IQ scores ___ with long term follow up exams, and his amnesia ___.
- remained constant; also remained constant
- improved; also improved
- improved; remained unchanged
- deteriorated; remained unchanged
- none of the above
improved; remained unchanged
after a series of higher than normal stimulations followed by a rest period, a baseline stimulation to a neuron elicits a greater excitatory postsynaptic potential from another neuron that receives its projections. this phenomenon is know as:
LTP
LTP was first found in the
- hippocampus
- cerebellum
- pulvinar nucleus
- amygdala
- none of the above
hippocampus
as the human brain evolved an increased sensory capacity, it also required a mech for selective awareness and stimulus response. this mech is called
attention
searching for a street sign in order to make a turn is an example of a(n) __ process
top down
stimuli that pop out in a visual array illustrate the process of
bottom up processing
the neglect syndrome has been associated with deficits in which attention network?
dorsal orienting network
work by corbetta and colleagues suggest that the ___ is activated during attention shift studies, regardless of which visual field contains the stimulus
right parietal cortex
most cases of balint syndrome involve:
- bilateral temporal lobe damage
- bilateral occipital lobe damage
- bilateral parietal lobe damage
- right unilateral parietal lobe damage
- none of the above
bilateral parietal lobe damage
