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BBG Grammar > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: English has a counterpart to the Greek perfect

A

False

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2
Q

True or False: English past tense indicates something happened in the past, whether continuous or undefined, but does not say whether it was completed

A

True

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3
Q

What do helping verbs ‘have/has’ mean?

A

The action described was done in (recent) past and the statement is accurate up to now

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4
Q

What English form is close to Greek perfect?

A

English present tense

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5
Q

Why is English present close to Greek perfect?

A

it can describe an action with current consequences (i.e. It is written)

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6
Q

What does the Greek perfect describe?

A

an action that was brought to completion and whose effects are felt in the present

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7
Q

What is an example of a statement in Greek aorist (event that happened in past)?

A

Jesus died

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8
Q

What does saying Jesus has died make you think? (close to Greek perfect form)

A

that the verse continues with present significance in past action (i.e Jesus has died for my sins)

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9
Q

What are two possibilities for translating Greek perfect?

A

1 - helping verb has/have, 2- use English present tense when the current implications of action of the verb are emphasized by the context (i.e. repent for the Kingdom of God is near)

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10
Q

Chart: Perfect

A

reduplication + perfect active tense stem + tense formative (ka) + primary active personal endings

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11
Q

True or False: Perfect active is a primary tense and uses primary endings

A

True

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12
Q

What makes the stem similar to the aorist?

A

the alpha in the tense formative

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13
Q

Perfect active 3rd plural tense formative can also be what

A

kav - this resembles first aorist. There are 31 perfect active 3P in New Testament, this alternate form occurs 9 times

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14
Q

Chart: Perfect Middle/Passive

A

reduplication + perfect middle/passive tense stem + primary middle/passive personal endings

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15
Q

Is there a tense formative and connecting vowel in perfect middle/passive personal endings?

A

no

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16
Q

True or False: Middle and passive are identical in perfect like they are in the present

A

true

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17
Q

Perfect middle/passive English form

A

have been

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18
Q

Perfect active English form

A

has

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19
Q

What is the most notable difference in form between perfect and other tense?

A

reduplication

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20
Q

3 basic guidelines for reduplciation:

A

1 - consonantal reduplication, 2 - vocalic reduplication, 3 - compound verb

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21
Q

consonantal reduplication

A

if a verb begins with a simple consonant, that consonant is reduplicated and the two consonants are separated by an epsilon

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22
Q

Certain consonants will change in reduplication. Which ones and what do they change to?

A

pheta to pi, theta to tau, and chi to kappa

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23
Q

What does the stop shift from in reduplication?

A

the aspirate to voiceless form

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24
Q

vocalic reduplication

A

if a verb begins with a vowel or diphthong, the vowel is lengthened

25
Q

what is the vocalic reduplication identical in form to?

A

augment in imperfect and aorist

26
Q

Is it common for a diphthong to reduplicate?

A

no

27
Q

What happens if a verb begins with two consonants when forming the Greek perfect?

A

it will usually undergo vocalic and not consonantal reduplication

28
Q

compound verb

A

reduplicates the verbal part of a compound verb

29
Q

What is the compound verb in the Greek perfect similar to?

A

the imperfect and aorist augmenting the verbal part of a compound

30
Q

What number tense form in the lexicon is the Greek perfect active?

A

4th tense form

31
Q

What number tense form in the lexicon is the Greek middle/passive?

A

5th tense form

32
Q

What can a perfect tense stem be identical to?

A

the present tense stem, and sometimes the perfect tense stem undergoes a change such as a change in stem vowel

33
Q

What is the tense formative for perfect active?

A

ka

34
Q

What is the tense formative for perfect passive?

A

none

35
Q

What is the connecting vowel in perfect?

A

none

36
Q

What is a good clue for recognizing perfect middle/passive?

A

no tense formative and no connecting vowel

37
Q

What type of personal endings does the Greek perfect active use?

A

primary personal endings (since there is no augment)

38
Q

The alpha in the present perfect tense formative (ka) can look like what

A

the first aorist. remember the first aorist is a secondary tense

39
Q

True of False: Because there is no connecting vowel in perfect middle/passive the final stem consonant is often changed after coming into direct contact with the personal ending

A

True

40
Q

Can the consonant immediately preceding the personal ending in Greek perfect active be altered?

A

yes

41
Q

What happens to contract verbs in both active and middle/passive?

A

the contract vowel lengthens

42
Q

Are there second perfects?

A

yes, but not enough in the New Testament to focus on

43
Q

What is the second perfect active tense formative?

A

alpha

44
Q

Is there a second perfect in the middle/passive?

A

no. since there is no tense formative

45
Q

Who does the action of the verb if the adverb is active?

A

the subject

46
Q

What happens if the adverb is passive?

A

the subject receives the action of the verb

47
Q

General definition of the middle voice

A

the action of a verb in the middle voice in some way affects the subject. it is like self-interest nuance of the middle

48
Q

What is an indirect middle?

A

subject does action of the verb to the direct object, but the participation of the subject is emphasized (i.e. Peter took water and washed his hands)

49
Q

True or False: Just because a verb is in the middle does not mean the self-interest nuance is present

A

true

50
Q

Is it possible that other verbs will have self-interest nuance in specific contexts?

A

yes

51
Q

True or False: Some words we learn as deponent (because there is no active form) are actually indirect middles

A

true

52
Q

What does reflexive (direct) middle mean?

A

subject does action of verb and also receives action

53
Q

What must occur in Koine Greek if the subject of the verb performs the action to itself?

A

it must use reflexive pronoun eautou (this then becomes a redundant middle)

54
Q

What is this sentence an example of: So you also must consider yourselves dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus?

A

the reflexive (direct) middle

55
Q

3 possible forms of middle voice

A

1 - indirect middle, 2 - reflexive (direct) middle 3 - deponent middle

56
Q

Which form of the middle is the majority in of cases?

A

deponent middle - either the verb is deponent or the meaning is active to the English mind

57
Q

When parsing, if you can tell it is a middle (future, aorist) then what can you say it is

A

a middle

58
Q

When parsing, if the middle is deponent then what can you say it is

A

deponent and not middle (or middle deponent)

59
Q

What is the only way to know if a verb is deponent in the middle?

A

memorize it

BBG Grammar (13 decks)

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