Chapter 25 Flashcards
What was Napoleon III’s real name?
He started off as Louis Napoleon for the Second Republic of France
Why did people like/elect Louis Napoleon?
- His famous name- nephew of Napoleon, whom the romantics greatly glorified
- Fear of socialism- Marx
- Middle class/ Peasants fear the socialist workers
- Napoleon= tough ruler- keep workers in check - Positive program for poverty
- “Napoleonic Ideas” and “Elimination of Poverty”- pamphlets
- Gets workers on his side - State should help others out economically and represent the people
- Need authoritarian (no one makes selfish laws) figure
- No “corrupt” and “biased” political parties
How did Louis Napoleon become emperor Napoleon III?
1851- 4 year presidential term ended
National Assembly wont change the constitution so he can run again
Coup d’etat- dismiss National Assembly
Becomes president by universal male suffrage- then emperor
What were Napoleon III’s good economic changes?
- Encouraged investment rights- banks
- Push for railroad construction
- Program of public works- rebuild Paris with Haussmann
- Boulevards- no revolution barricades - Workers rights to strike and have unions
- Regulate pawn shops, support credit unions, and housing
How was Napoleon III’s political system effective?
- Recruitment of local notables to run in government election
- Economic intervention
- Close attention to electoral politics
- Sensitivity to public opinion
What did Napoleon III do in 1870?
Sick and weary
New constitution- combine hereditary emperor with parliamentary regime
What is “Real Politik” ?
A government does things based on a country’s needs or situation rather than ethics or morals
-Similar to raison d’etat
Who was Mazzini?
1848
Nationalism
Boundaries- set by rivers, mountains, and land features
-Shouldn’t be disturbed
-Boundary pushing government is evil
True country
-One with equality
-Uniform law
Best government
-Republic with universal manhood suffrage
Why would working men have interest in politics?
-Sense of community
Risorgimento- resurgence
Young Italy Movement
-Little rebellions to get people interested
What led up to Cavour and Italian Unification?
Congress of Vienna (1815) -Lombardy and Venetia- to Austria - Italian Monarchy- Sardinia-Piedmont -Central Italy and Rome- ruled by Papacy -Naples and Sicily- branches of bourbons Goal of unified Italy captured the imagination
What were the imagined programs of Italian unification?
- Mazzini- centralized democratic republic
- Failed in 1948
- Universal male suffrage
- Will of the people - Gioberti- Federation of existing states under presidency of a progressive pope
- Pope rejects- “Syllabus of Errors”- denounce nationalism, socialism, separation of church and state, religious liberty, modern things
- Not supportive - Autocratic leadership of Sardinia-Piedmont
- Strengthened by 1948 failures
- Ended up being used
- Victor Emmanuel and Cavour
How did Cavour get Middle Class support?
Highways and roads
Civil liberties
Opposition to clerical privilage
Who is Cavour?
Italy
Sardinian prince, Victor Emmanuel’s chancellor
Made industrial fortune off of sugar mills
Liked the middle class life
How did Cavour unite Northern and Central Italy?
In Sardinia
First he must drive Austria from Lombardy and Venetia
-Secret alliance with Napoleon III
-Goaded Austria to attack and create war
-In the middle France changes their mind about the alliance
- Not in best interest- too powerful
-Sardinia is the Pope’s enemy
-Cavour can only get Lombardy- Peace of Villafranca, quits in rage
1860- pro-Sardinian nationalists (Middle Class) drive out princes in Central Italy and join Sardinia
-Cavour comes back
-New alliance with France- give them Nice and Savoy
Garibaldi and his Red Shirt guerrilla band
-Romantic
-Want a republic
-Sailed from Genoa to Two Sicilies- win battles, get volunteers, liberate (overthrow government)
Want to continue into Rome
-Cavour sees it could cause war with France
Cavour sends army to intercept Garibaldi
-People of South vote to join Sardinia
Gradually receive the remaining land
What happened before Bismarck?
After 1848 German states were locked in a political stalemate
After Austria and Russia blocked Frederick William’s attempt to unify “from above” tensions grew with Austria as each power sought to block the other from the German Confederation
Workers and middle class revolts
-Want a liberal constitution
-Denmark wants Schelswig- Holstein
Zollverein- German customs union that stimulated trade and revenue, but did not include Austria
Parliament of sorts
-Overly represented- middle class
William wants a tax for the army- not approved
Brings in Bismarck
Congress of Vienna- Confederation of German States with Austria
Who was Bismarck?
A Prussian Junker- conservatism
Dislike Middle class
Young and Wild
Master of politics
Start as a high-rank diplomat in Prussian Army
1862- Chief Minister
Supports the Zollverein
Blood and Iron speech
-Constitutions don’t work- pick on countries who have them
-Need an army with better boarders
-Parliament does not pass tax- collect anyways
What is the Austro-Prussian War?
Pre-War- Denmark -Denmark wants Schelswig- Holstein -Prussia and Austria ally No longer want Austrian Presence -Too different -Want Northern control -Neutralize France and Russia Also called 7 Weeks War Utilize railroads to mass troops Breaching needle gun Ally with Italy -Bargain for Venetia Defeat Austria at the Battle of Sadowa in Bohemia Peace terms -Austria- no reparations, Italy gets Venetia, German Confederation dissolved (no more Austria in affairs) -Northern German Confederation- Protestant/Industry- led by Prussia
