Chapter 25 Flashcards
What was Napoleon III’s real name?
He started off as Louis Napoleon for the Second Republic of France
Why did people like/elect Louis Napoleon?
- His famous name- nephew of Napoleon, whom the romantics greatly glorified
- Fear of socialism- Marx
- Middle class/ Peasants fear the socialist workers
- Napoleon= tough ruler- keep workers in check - Positive program for poverty
- “Napoleonic Ideas” and “Elimination of Poverty”- pamphlets
- Gets workers on his side - State should help others out economically and represent the people
- Need authoritarian (no one makes selfish laws) figure
- No “corrupt” and “biased” political parties
How did Louis Napoleon become emperor Napoleon III?
1851- 4 year presidential term ended
National Assembly wont change the constitution so he can run again
Coup d’etat- dismiss National Assembly
Becomes president by universal male suffrage- then emperor
What were Napoleon III’s good economic changes?
- Encouraged investment rights- banks
- Push for railroad construction
- Program of public works- rebuild Paris with Haussmann
- Boulevards- no revolution barricades - Workers rights to strike and have unions
- Regulate pawn shops, support credit unions, and housing
How was Napoleon III’s political system effective?
- Recruitment of local notables to run in government election
- Economic intervention
- Close attention to electoral politics
- Sensitivity to public opinion
What did Napoleon III do in 1870?
Sick and weary
New constitution- combine hereditary emperor with parliamentary regime
What is “Real Politik” ?
A government does things based on a country’s needs or situation rather than ethics or morals
-Similar to raison d’etat
Who was Mazzini?
1848
Nationalism
Boundaries- set by rivers, mountains, and land features
-Shouldn’t be disturbed
-Boundary pushing government is evil
True country
-One with equality
-Uniform law
Best government
-Republic with universal manhood suffrage
Why would working men have interest in politics?
-Sense of community
Risorgimento- resurgence
Young Italy Movement
-Little rebellions to get people interested
What led up to Cavour and Italian Unification?
Congress of Vienna (1815) -Lombardy and Venetia- to Austria - Italian Monarchy- Sardinia-Piedmont -Central Italy and Rome- ruled by Papacy -Naples and Sicily- branches of bourbons Goal of unified Italy captured the imagination
What were the imagined programs of Italian unification?
- Mazzini- centralized democratic republic
- Failed in 1948
- Universal male suffrage
- Will of the people - Gioberti- Federation of existing states under presidency of a progressive pope
- Pope rejects- “Syllabus of Errors”- denounce nationalism, socialism, separation of church and state, religious liberty, modern things
- Not supportive - Autocratic leadership of Sardinia-Piedmont
- Strengthened by 1948 failures
- Ended up being used
- Victor Emmanuel and Cavour
How did Cavour get Middle Class support?
Highways and roads
Civil liberties
Opposition to clerical privilage
Who is Cavour?
Italy
Sardinian prince, Victor Emmanuel’s chancellor
Made industrial fortune off of sugar mills
Liked the middle class life
How did Cavour unite Northern and Central Italy?
In Sardinia
First he must drive Austria from Lombardy and Venetia
-Secret alliance with Napoleon III
-Goaded Austria to attack and create war
-In the middle France changes their mind about the alliance
- Not in best interest- too powerful
-Sardinia is the Pope’s enemy
-Cavour can only get Lombardy- Peace of Villafranca, quits in rage
1860- pro-Sardinian nationalists (Middle Class) drive out princes in Central Italy and join Sardinia
-Cavour comes back
-New alliance with France- give them Nice and Savoy
Garibaldi and his Red Shirt guerrilla band
-Romantic
-Want a republic
-Sailed from Genoa to Two Sicilies- win battles, get volunteers, liberate (overthrow government)
Want to continue into Rome
-Cavour sees it could cause war with France
Cavour sends army to intercept Garibaldi
-People of South vote to join Sardinia
Gradually receive the remaining land
What happened before Bismarck?
After 1848 German states were locked in a political stalemate
After Austria and Russia blocked Frederick William’s attempt to unify “from above” tensions grew with Austria as each power sought to block the other from the German Confederation
Workers and middle class revolts
-Want a liberal constitution
-Denmark wants Schelswig- Holstein
Zollverein- German customs union that stimulated trade and revenue, but did not include Austria
Parliament of sorts
-Overly represented- middle class
William wants a tax for the army- not approved
Brings in Bismarck
Congress of Vienna- Confederation of German States with Austria
Who was Bismarck?
A Prussian Junker- conservatism
Dislike Middle class
Young and Wild
Master of politics
Start as a high-rank diplomat in Prussian Army
1862- Chief Minister
Supports the Zollverein
Blood and Iron speech
-Constitutions don’t work- pick on countries who have them
-Need an army with better boarders
-Parliament does not pass tax- collect anyways
What is the Austro-Prussian War?
Pre-War- Denmark -Denmark wants Schelswig- Holstein -Prussia and Austria ally No longer want Austrian Presence -Too different -Want Northern control -Neutralize France and Russia Also called 7 Weeks War Utilize railroads to mass troops Breaching needle gun Ally with Italy -Bargain for Venetia Defeat Austria at the Battle of Sadowa in Bohemia Peace terms -Austria- no reparations, Italy gets Venetia, German Confederation dissolved (no more Austria in affairs) -Northern German Confederation- Protestant/Industry- led by Prussia
How did Bismarck deal with Parliament?
COLLECT TAXES WITHOUT THEIR PERMISSION
Want to make peace with the liberal middle class
-nationalism- not hostile to government
-want to lead them to acceptance
Northern German Confederation Constitution
1. Each state retained local government
2. William is unelected president, Bismarck is the chancellor
-Federal/central government controls army and foreign affairs
3. 2 house system- equality in law making
4. Universal manhood suffrage
Finally pass military budget and respect Bismarck
What was the Franco-Prussian War?
Bismarck thinks that a patriotic war will drive the south into his arms
The issue to start it-
-French vs Prussian relative on the Spanish throne
-Prussia goaded France into attack
French defeated at Seden September 1 1870
Napoleon III captured- 2nd Republic collapses- Third republic created
-Starving and must accept peace terms
Peace Treaty
-Give up ALSACE LORRAINE
-50 billion franc indemnity
SOUTH JOINS
Describe the Crimean War.
Dispute with France and Russia over the protection of certain Christian shrines in the Ottoman Empire
Concentrated on the Black Sea
France, Britain, Sardinia, and the Ottoman defeat Russia
-Humiliated
Russia realizes they had fallen behind in industry and military
-so close to home
-need reforms
Who reformed Russia first after Crimean War?
Russia
Alexander II
What were the Great Reforms of Alexander II?
Russia Most important- free the serfs -No more human bondage -Emancipated peasants- half of land- strength Zemstvo- local governments -local assemblies -liberal hope for a parliament Legal system reforms -Independent courts -Equality before law -Relaxed censorship -Somewhat helped Jews
What is the industrialization in Russia?
Surge 1-
-Subsidizing of private railways- export of grain earns money, more money for industry, strengthen military, work class formation in factories
Surge 2-
-State owned railroads doubled- Transiberian to Moscow
-High protective tariffs
-Gold standard
-Use the west to catch up to the West- encourage foreign investors
All under Witte
STUDY NOTECARDS
SPECIFICALLY REVOLUTION OF 1905!!!!!!
KULTURKAMPF
DREYFUS AFFAIR
Describe the Responsive Nation State?
1914- the vote Multiparty systems Nationalism Conservative ways to manage conflicts at home Leaning towards socialism -Please workers to avoid revolts -German pensions -People's Budget
What was the German Empire’s government?
Strong national government Emperor- William I and Chancellor Bismarck Bicameral Houses -Reichcrat- Upper -Reichstag- Lower 22 political parties
What are the anti-socialist reforms of Bismarck?
Please the workers- show he’s a good guy
Old age pension
National health and accident insurance
What happened with the German economy?
Drop in world agricultural prices- High protective tariffs to protect German farmers
What happened to Bismarck?
William II fires him
Outlaw Social Democratic Party
What is the name of France’s new government?
The Third Republic- Thiers
What is the French Commune?
Group from the outskirts of Paris
Angry at France’s surrender to Prussia
Bloody fight- defeated
What was the main goal of the 2nd Republic of France?
Education
Leon Gambetta and Jules Ferry established free compulsory education for girls and boys and also legalized unions
School
-Payed with taxes
-Use to teach nationalism
-Start to go against Catholic schools- secularism
Why did French schools encourage teachers to marry?
Contrast to the celibate Nuns
Married couples cope with the potential isolation in provincial France better
Females- set a good example for motherhood- low birthrate
New culture of universal, secular, and republican views and education
What is the Liberal Party?
Britain Inspired by David Leod George Splinter of the Whigs House of Lords loosing power People's Budget Accomplishments- -Eliminate HOL as a real power -Increase taxes on the rich -Pass extensive social welfare measures -Old age pensions
Who was Stuart Mill?
Britain
“On Liberty”
Benthamite
How to protect individuals in an age of mass electoral participation
Who is Disraeli?
Britain
Novelist willing to “Leap in the dark”
Broaden conservatism
What is the People’s Budget?
Very socialist By the HOC Increase spending on social welfare services - Old age pension -Insurance -Tax rich - National Health Insurance Vetoed, but eventually passed -Threat of King to reshuffle the HOL
What were the British Issues with Ireland?
Southern Irish Catholics- demand political autonomy Northern Protestant of Ulster -Oppose this idea At the breaking point Independent after WWI
Who is Herzl?
Created Zionism
Swiss
Eye in Palestine
Who were the two Hungarian groups?
Magyars and Huns
What is the Dual Monarchy?
Austria is weak from Prussian defeat- 1866 and must make a compromise
Shared monarch, ministries, defense, and foreign affairs with Hungary
Results Autonomous Hungarian State Repression of ethnic minorities Intensification of Nationalist agitation Magyar noble domination Ultimately a failure
Why did socialism change to revisionism (no uprising)?
Working class got benefits Vote Unions- more money Right to strike SOL up
