Chapter 25

Question 1

the belief, strongly held by Herbert Hoover and others, that hard work and
individual effort, absent government interference, comprised the formula for success in the U.S.

Answer 1

American individualism

Question 2

the withdrawal by a large number of individuals or investors of money from a bank due to fears of
the bank’s instability, with the ironic effect of increasing the bank’s vulnerability to failure

Answer 2

bank run

Question 3

October 29, 1929, when a mass panic caused a crash in the stock market and stockholders
divested over sixteen million shares, causing the overall value of the stock market to drop precipitously

Answer 3

Black Tuesday

Question 4

a group of World War I veterans and affiliated groups who marched to Washington in 1932 to
demand their war bonuses early, only to be refused and forcibly removed by the U.S. Army

Answer 4

Bonus Army

Question 5

Hoover’s repudiation of the Roosevelt Corollary that justified American military
intervention in Latin American affairs; this memorandum improved relations with America’s neighbors by
reasserting that intervention would occur only in the event of European interference in the Western
Hemisphere

Answer 5

Clark Memorandum

Question 6

the area in the middle of the country that had been badly overfarmed in the 1920s and suffered
from a terrible drought that coincided with the Great Depression; the name came from the “black blizzard”
of topsoil and dust that blew through the area

Answer 6

Dust Bowl

Question 7

a reference to the infamous trial in Alabama in 1931, where nine African
American boys were falsely accused of raping two White women and sentenced to death; the extreme
injustice of the trial, particularly given the age of the boys and the inadequacy of the testimony against
them, garnered national and international attention

Answer 7

Scottsboro Boys

Question 8

the tariff approved by Hoover to raise the tax on thousands of imported goods in the
hope that it would encourage people to buy American-made products; the unintended result was that
other nations raised their tariffs, further hurting American exports and exacerbating the global financial
crisis

Answer 8

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

Question 9

the practice of investing in risky financial opportunities in the hopes of a fast payout due to
market fluctuations

Answer 9

speculation