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chapter 25 Flashcards

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1
Q

percentage of fluid by weight

A

65%

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2
Q

people with ________ are more likely to experience fluid imbalance
lower or higher percentage

A

lower

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3
Q

fluid percentage depends on

A

age
radio of adipose connective tissue to skeletal muscle tissue

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4
Q

skeletal muscle tissue has ____ water than adipose connective tissue
more or less

A

more

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5
Q

2/3 of fluid is

A

intracellular fluid

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6
Q

1/3 of fluid is

A

extracellular fluid

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7
Q

2/3 of ECF is in

A

interstitial fluid

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8
Q

1/3 of ECF is in

A

blood plasma

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9
Q

ICF has higher concentration of these cations

A

K and Mg

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10
Q

ECF has higher concentration of these cations

A

Na

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11
Q

higher concentration of proteins are in

A

ICF

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12
Q

anions in ICF

A

PO

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13
Q

anions in ECF

A

Cl chloride
HCO bicarbonate

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14
Q

water moves by osmosis from ______ to _____

A

hypotonic solution
hypertonic solution
de menos a mas

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15
Q

what happen during fluid intake

A

blood plasma is hypotonic
cells are hypertonic

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16
Q

what happen during dehydration

A

blood plasma is hypertonic
cells are hypotonic

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17
Q

2 categories of fluid intake

A

ingested or preformed water 2300ml/day
metabolic water 200ml/day

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18
Q

ways of fluid output

A

expired air
sweat
cutaneous transpiration
feces
urine

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19
Q

sensible water loss

A

measurable
feces and urine

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20
Q

60% of fluid is lost through

A

urine

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21
Q

insensible water loss

A

unmeasurable
expired air, sweat and transpiration

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22
Q

obligatory water loss

A

always happens
expired air, sweat and transpiration
feces and 500ml urine

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23
Q

facultative water loss

A

controlled water loss by hormones or level of hydration
most urine

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24
Q

causes of fluid imbalance

A

change in osmolarity
excess or deficiency of body fluid

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25
fluid imbalance with constant osmolarity
isotonic fluid is lost or gained volume depletion volume excess
26
volume depletion
isotonic fluid loss is greater severe burns, chronic vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, hyposecretion of aldosterone
27
volume excess
decreased isotonic fluid loss through the kidneys aldosterone hypersecretion
28
fluid imbalance with changes in osmolarity
no-isotonic fluid gain or loss dehydration hypotonic hydration
29
dehydration
water loss is greater than solute loss
30
hypotonic hydration
water intoxication or positive water balance ADH hypersecretion drinking too much water
31
fluid sequestration
fluid is distributed abnormally edema
32
what happen when fluid intake is less than fluid output
blood pressure and blood volume decrease maybe osmolarity increases
33
what happen when fluid intake is greater than fluid output
blood pressure and blood volume increase maybe osmolarity decreases
34
stimuli that activates thirst center
decreased blood volume and blood pressure (angiotensin II) increased blood osmolarity (ADH) decreased salivary secretions
35
stimuli that inhibits thirst center
increased blood volume and blood pressure decreased blood osmolarity increased salivary secretions distension of the stomach (stretch)
36
hormones that decrease water loss
ADH angiotensin II aldosterone
37
hormone that increases water loss
atrial natriuretic peptide ANP
38
nonelectrolyte
don't dissociate in solution
39
electrolyte
dissociate
40
osmotic pressure depends on
the number of solutes
41
sodium functions
depolarization of skeletal muscle, neurons and cardiac muscle excitatory postsynaptic potentials cotransport
42
blood sodium is regulated by these hormones
aldosterone: retains Na and water, maintains its concentration ADH: retains water, decreases Na concentration ANP: increases Na and H2O excretion, decreases Na concentration
43
Na concentration decreases, ECF becomes hypotonic or hypertonic
hypotonic
44
Na concentration increases, ECF becomes hypotonic or hypertonic
hypertonic
45
Na above normal level
hypernatremia
46
Na below normal level
hyponatremia
47
potassium functions
repolarization in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle controls heart rhythm establishing inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
48
K is regulated by this hormone
aldosterone: K secretion by kidneys, decreases K concentration
49
most of K is lost in
urine
50
K cannot be stored
true
51
what happens during hyperkalemia (K)
too much K in blood plasma K moves from ECF to ICF
52
what happens during hypokalemia (K0
less K in blood plasma K moves from ICF to ECF
53
what happens during acidosis (K)
too much H in ECF, pH decreases H moves from ECF to ICF K moves from ICF to ECF
54
what happens during alkalosis (K)
less H in ECF, pH increases H moves from ICF to ECF K moves from ECF to ICF
55
acidosis results in hyperkalemia or hypokalemia
hyperkalemia
56
alkalosis results in hyperkalemia or hypokalemia
hypokalemia
57
insulin ______ blood plasma K decreases or increases
decreases K moves from ECF into ICF
58
angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor or vasodilator
vasoconstrictor
59
______ is released from the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
renin
60
function of renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE
convert angiotensin I into angiotensin II
60
function of renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE
convert angiotensin I into angiotensin II
61
effects of angiotensin II
vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure decreases urine output from kidneys stimulates the thirst center stimulates hypothalamus (ADH) and adrenal cortex (aldosterone)
62
antidiuretic hormone is also called
vasopressin
63
AHD is synthesized by _________ but stored in the ______
hypothalamus posterior pituitary
64
angiotensin is synthesized by
liver
65
ADH stimuli
low blood pressure low blood volume increased blood osmolarity angiotensin II
66
ADH effects
stimulates the thirst center increases water retention (aquaporins), decreases osmolarity vasoconstriction (high doses)
67
aldosterone stimuli
angiotensin II increased blood plasma K
68
aldosterone effects
reabsorption of Na and water increased retention and loss of K
69
ANP stimuli
increased stretch increased blood pressure and volume
70
ANP effects
vasodilation inhibits Na and water reabsorption (+ fluid loss) increases glomerular filtration rate inhibits renin release
71
normal arterial blood pH
7.35-7.45
72
volatile acids involve
co2 and carbonic acid
73
fixed acids doesn't involve _______ but involve
co2 H and bicarbonate
74
volatile acids are regulated by
respiration CO2 expired
75
fixed acids are regulated by
kidneys absorption and elimination of H and HCO
76
definition of fixed acids
water from metabolic processes
77
examples of fixed acids
lactic acid phosphoric acid ketoacids
78
regulatory processes of the kidneys and respiratory system are called
physiologic buffering systems
79
type A intercalated cells
fight Acids respond to increased H
80
what do type A cells do (kidneys)
eliminate H (acid) synthesize HCO (base) which is absorbed
81
type A intercalated cells
fight Bases respond to decreased H
82
what do type A cells do (kidneys)
absorb H (acids) synthesize HCO (base) which is excreted in urine
83
chemical buffers are _______ than physiologic buffers slower or faster
faster
84
3 most important chemical buffering systems
protein (cells and blood) phosphate (PO43-) (cells) bicarbonate (HCO3-) (ECF)

kin 224 (7 decks)

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