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chapter 25 Flashcards

1
Q

percentage of fluid by weight

A

65%

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2
Q

people with ________ are more likely to experience fluid imbalance
lower or higher percentage

A

lower

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3
Q

fluid percentage depends on

A

age
radio of adipose connective tissue to skeletal muscle tissue

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4
Q

skeletal muscle tissue has ____ water than adipose connective tissue
more or less

A

more

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5
Q

2/3 of fluid is

A

intracellular fluid

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6
Q

1/3 of fluid is

A

extracellular fluid

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7
Q

2/3 of ECF is in

A

interstitial fluid

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8
Q

1/3 of ECF is in

A

blood plasma

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9
Q

ICF has higher concentration of these cations

A

K and Mg

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10
Q

ECF has higher concentration of these cations

A

Na

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11
Q

higher concentration of proteins are in

A

ICF

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12
Q

anions in ICF

A

PO

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13
Q

anions in ECF

A

Cl chloride
HCO bicarbonate

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14
Q

water moves by osmosis from ______ to _____

A

hypotonic solution
hypertonic solution
de menos a mas

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15
Q

what happen during fluid intake

A

blood plasma is hypotonic
cells are hypertonic

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16
Q

what happen during dehydration

A

blood plasma is hypertonic
cells are hypotonic

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17
Q

2 categories of fluid intake

A

ingested or preformed water 2300ml/day
metabolic water 200ml/day

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18
Q

ways of fluid output

A

expired air
sweat
cutaneous transpiration
feces
urine

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19
Q

sensible water loss

A

measurable
feces and urine

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20
Q

60% of fluid is lost through

A

urine

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21
Q

insensible water loss

A

unmeasurable
expired air, sweat and transpiration

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22
Q

obligatory water loss

A

always happens
expired air, sweat and transpiration
feces and 500ml urine

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23
Q

facultative water loss

A

controlled water loss by hormones or level of hydration
most urine

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24
Q

causes of fluid imbalance

A

change in osmolarity
excess or deficiency of body fluid

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25
Q

fluid imbalance with constant osmolarity

A

isotonic fluid is lost or gained
volume depletion
volume excess

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26
Q

volume depletion

A

isotonic fluid loss is greater
severe burns, chronic vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, hyposecretion of aldosterone

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27
Q

volume excess

A

decreased isotonic fluid loss through the kidneys
aldosterone hypersecretion

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28
Q

fluid imbalance with changes in osmolarity

A

no-isotonic fluid gain or loss
dehydration
hypotonic hydration

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29
Q

dehydration

A

water loss is greater than solute loss

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30
Q

hypotonic hydration

A

water intoxication or positive water balance
ADH hypersecretion
drinking too much water

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31
Q

fluid sequestration

A

fluid is distributed abnormally
edema

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32
Q

what happen when fluid intake is less than fluid output

A

blood pressure and blood volume decrease
maybe osmolarity increases

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33
Q

what happen when fluid intake is greater than fluid output

A

blood pressure and blood volume increase
maybe osmolarity decreases

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34
Q

stimuli that activates thirst center

A

decreased blood volume and blood pressure (angiotensin II)
increased blood osmolarity (ADH)
decreased salivary secretions

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35
Q

stimuli that inhibits thirst center

A

increased blood volume and blood pressure
decreased blood osmolarity
increased salivary secretions
distension of the stomach (stretch)

36
Q

hormones that decrease water loss

A

ADH
angiotensin II
aldosterone

37
Q

hormone that increases water loss

A

atrial natriuretic peptide ANP

38
Q

nonelectrolyte

A

don’t dissociate in solution

39
Q

electrolyte

A

dissociate

40
Q

osmotic pressure depends on

A

the number of solutes

41
Q

sodium functions

A

depolarization of skeletal muscle, neurons and cardiac muscle
excitatory postsynaptic potentials
cotransport

42
Q

blood sodium is regulated by these hormones

A

aldosterone: retains Na and water, maintains its concentration
ADH: retains water, decreases Na concentration
ANP: increases Na and H2O excretion, decreases Na concentration

43
Q

Na concentration decreases, ECF becomes
hypotonic or hypertonic

44
Q

Na concentration increases, ECF becomes
hypotonic or hypertonic

A

hypertonic

45
Q

Na above normal level

A

hypernatremia

46
Q

Na below normal level

A

hyponatremia

47
Q

potassium functions

A

repolarization in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
controls heart rhythm
establishing inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

48
Q

K is regulated by this hormone

A

aldosterone: K secretion by kidneys, decreases K concentration

49
Q

most of K is lost in

50
Q

K cannot be stored

51
Q

what happens during hyperkalemia (K)

A

too much K in blood plasma
K moves from ECF to ICF

52
Q

what happens during hypokalemia (K0

A

less K in blood plasma
K moves from ICF to ECF

53
Q

what happens during acidosis (K)

A

too much H in ECF, pH decreases
H moves from ECF to ICF
K moves from ICF to ECF

54
Q

what happens during alkalosis (K)

A

less H in ECF, pH increases
H moves from ICF to ECF
K moves from ECF to ICF

55
Q

acidosis results in
hyperkalemia or hypokalemia

A

hyperkalemia

56
Q

alkalosis results in
hyperkalemia or hypokalemia

A

hypokalemia

57
Q

insulin ______ blood plasma K
decreases or increases

A

decreases
K moves from ECF into ICF

58
Q

angiotensin II is a
vasoconstrictor or vasodilator

A

vasoconstrictor

59
Q

______ is released from the kidneys and converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

60
Q

function of renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE

A

convert angiotensin I into angiotensin II

60
Q

function of renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE

A

convert angiotensin I into angiotensin II

61
Q

effects of angiotensin II

A

vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure
decreases urine output from kidneys
stimulates the thirst center
stimulates hypothalamus (ADH) and adrenal cortex (aldosterone)

62
Q

antidiuretic hormone is also called

A

vasopressin

63
Q

AHD is synthesized by _________ but stored in the ______

A

hypothalamus
posterior pituitary

64
Q

angiotensin is synthesized by

65
Q

ADH stimuli

A

low blood pressure
low blood volume
increased blood osmolarity
angiotensin II

66
Q

ADH effects

A

stimulates the thirst center
increases water retention (aquaporins), decreases osmolarity
vasoconstriction (high doses)

67
Q

aldosterone stimuli

A

angiotensin II
increased blood plasma K

68
Q

aldosterone effects

A

reabsorption of Na and water
increased retention and loss of K

69
Q

ANP stimuli

A

increased stretch
increased blood pressure and volume

70
Q

ANP effects

A

vasodilation
inhibits Na and water reabsorption (+ fluid loss)
increases glomerular filtration rate
inhibits renin release

71
Q

normal arterial blood pH

72
Q

volatile acids involve

A

co2 and carbonic acid

73
Q

fixed acids doesn’t involve _______ but involve

A

co2
H and bicarbonate

74
Q

volatile acids are regulated by

A

respiration
CO2 expired

75
Q

fixed acids are regulated by

A

kidneys
absorption and elimination of H and HCO

76
Q

definition of fixed acids

A

water from metabolic processes

77
Q

examples of fixed acids

A

lactic acid
phosphoric acid
ketoacids

78
Q

regulatory processes of the kidneys and respiratory system are called

A

physiologic buffering systems

79
Q

type A intercalated cells

A

fight Acids
respond to increased H

80
Q

what do type A cells do (kidneys)

A

eliminate H (acid)
synthesize HCO (base) which is absorbed

81
Q

type A intercalated cells

A

fight Bases
respond to decreased H

82
Q

what do type A cells do (kidneys)

A

absorb H (acids)
synthesize HCO (base) which is excreted in urine

83
Q

chemical buffers are _______ than physiologic buffers
slower or faster

84
Q

3 most important chemical buffering systems

A

protein (cells and blood)
phosphate (PO43-) (cells)
bicarbonate (HCO3-) (ECF)

kin 224 (7 decks)

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