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kin 224 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Mention the 3 functions of blood

A

transportation, regulation, protection

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2
Q

What kind of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

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3
Q

What does blood carry?

A

hormones, heat, respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes

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4
Q

Which blood vessel take blood away from the heart?

A

arteries

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5
Q

Which blood vessel take blood into the heart?

A

veins

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6
Q

What is another name from capillaries?

A

exchange vessels

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7
Q

What are the 2 components of blood?

A

formed elements and plasma

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8
Q

Mention the formed elements of blood

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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9
Q

What does erythrocytes transport?

A

respiratory gases or oxygen and co2

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10
Q

What is the principal function of leukocytes?

A

defend against pathogens

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11
Q

What is the principal function of platelets?

A

form clots to prevent blood loss

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12
Q

Which is the fluid portion of blood?

A

plasma

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13
Q

What are the ways to lose water?

A

skin, respiration, urine

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14
Q

What does blood regulate?

A

fluid balance, body temperature and pH

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15
Q

What color is blood when is oxygen-rich?

A

bright red

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16
Q

What does it mean when blood is dark red?

A

it’s oxygen-poor blood

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17
Q

What does viscosity mean?

A

how thick is something

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18
Q

How can blood viscosity be increased?

A

when there’s more erythrocytes or less fluid

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19
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

slightly alkaline

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20
Q

What is whole blood?

A

formed elements and plasma

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21
Q

What is centrifuged blood?

A

the separation of whole blood

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22
Q

What’s the lower layer of centrifuged blood?

A

erythrocytes

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23
Q

What’s the middle layer of centrifuged blood?

A

buffy coat

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24
Q

What are the components of Buffy coat?

A

leukocytes and platelets

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25
Q

What’s the top layer of centrifuged blood?

A

plasma

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26
Q

What is the principal component of plasma?

A

water. 92%

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27
Q

What’s the definition of hematocrit?

A

percentage of volume of all formed elements

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28
Q

wha’s the clinical definition of hematocrit?

A

percentage of erythrocytes

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29
Q

What’s blood smear?

A

blood placed on microscope slide and stained

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30
Q

How erythrocytes are seen in a blood smear?

A

they’re more numerous, and pink

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31
Q

How leukocytes are seen in a blood smear?

A

larger than erythrocytes

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32
Q

How platelets are seen in a blood smear?

A

smallest ones

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33
Q

Where is plasma?

A

outside the cell

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34
Q

What is plasma similar to?

A

interstitial fluid

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35
Q

Why is blood a colloid?

A

because of plasma proteins

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36
Q

who generates colloid osmotic pressure?

A

plasma proteins

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37
Q

what does colloid osmotic pressure does?

A

sucks fluid preventing its lost

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38
Q

what is the main plasma protein?

A

albumins, 58%

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39
Q

what kind of protein is albumin?

A

transport protein

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40
Q

what is the second most common plasma protein?

A

globulin, 37%

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41
Q

mention the three types of globulins

A

alpha, beta and gamma

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42
Q

what does alpha and beta globulins do?

A

transport water-insoluble molecules

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43
Q

what does gamma-globulins do?

A

they’re part of body defense

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44
Q

when is fribinogen needed?

A

when it’s trauma

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45
Q

what is the function of fibrinogen?

A

helps with blood clotting

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46
Q

what’s hemopoiesis?

A

production of formed elements

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47
Q

where does hemopoiesis happen?

A

red bone marrow

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48
Q

why hemocytoblasts are pluripotent?

A

they can differentiate in many types of cells

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49
Q

what line forms lymphocytes?

A

lymphoid line

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50
Q

what lines does hemocytoblats produce?

A

myeloid and lymphoid line

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51
Q

what does myeloid line form?

A

erythrocytes, all leukocytes (no lymphocytes), and megakaryocytes

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52
Q

what does megakaryocytes produce?

A

platelets

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53
Q

what’s the function of colony-stimulating factors?

A

stimulate hematopoiesis

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54
Q

what’s erythropoiesis?

A

production of erythrocytes

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55
Q

what’s the sequence of erythropoiesis?

A

myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

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56
Q

in what stage of erythropoiesis the nucleus is gone?

A

normoblast

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57
Q

why does reticulocytes need ribosomes?

A

to make hemoglobin and be able to carry oxygen and co2

58
Q

what happen when the erythrocyte is made?

A

in the last stage, the ribosomes is gone

59
Q

what’s the term for the production of leukocytes?

A

leukopoiesis

60
Q

mention the sequence of the production of granulocytes

A

myeloid stem cell, myeloblast, granulocyte

61
Q

mention the sequence of the production of monocytes

A

myeloid stem cell, monoblast, monocyte

62
Q

in what lymphoid stem cell differentiate?

A

B-lymphoblast, T-lymphoblast, and some natural killers

63
Q

what’s the term for production of platelets?

A

thrombopoiesis

64
Q

mention the sequence of thrombopoiesis

A

megakaryoblast, megakaryiocyte, platelets

65
Q

what protein is inside an erythrocyte?

A

hemoglobin

66
Q

what’s the composition of hemoglobin?

A

4 globins. 2 alpha and 2 beta chains

67
Q

where is the heme group?

A

in each globin, with iron in its center

68
Q

oxygen binds to

A

iron

69
Q

co2 binds to

A

globin

70
Q

which hormone controls erythropoiesis?

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

71
Q

where is erythropoietin produced?

A

liver

72
Q

secretion of erythropoietin is stimulated by

A

decrease in blood oxygen or testosterone

73
Q

EPO regulating erythropoiesis is______feedback

A

negative

74
Q

mention ways of bloop doping

A

self donation of erythrocytes, drugs

75
Q

how many time does erythrocytes live?

A

120 days

76
Q

where are the old erythrocytes phagocytized?

A

liver or spleen

77
Q

what is saved in erythrocyte destruction?

A

globulin and iron

78
Q

what happen to the heme group during erythrocyte destruction?

A

in the macrophages, they’re converted into biliverdin

79
Q

what does biliverdin become and where does it go?

A

bilirubin and goes to the liver

80
Q

what does bilirubin become?

A

in the small intestine, it’s converted into urobilinogen

81
Q

sequence of erythrocyte destruction

A

heme group
biliverdin
bilirubin
urobilinogen
bacteria or urobilin

82
Q

define anemia

A

lover oxygen-carrying capacity

83
Q

symptoms of anemia

A

lethargy, shortness of breath, pallor, palpitations

84
Q

mention the surface antigens for all types of blood

A

Type A- A
Type B- B
Type AB- A and B
Type O- neither

85
Q

where are the surface antigens?

A

on the cell

86
Q

where are the antibodies?

A

in the blood

87
Q

what type of antibodies does each type of blood has?

A

Type A- anti-B
Type B- anti-A
Type AB- neither
Type O- anti-A and anti-B

88
Q

what’s a Rh factor?

A

surface antigen D

89
Q

What’s a Rh positive?

A

erythrocyte with surface antigen D
NO anti-D antibodies

90
Q

What’s a Rh negative?

A

erythrocyte with NO surface antigen D
NO anti-D antibodies

91
Q

what happen if someone receives incompatible transfusion?

A

agglutination

92
Q

what does leukocyte don’t have?

A

hemoglobin

93
Q

mention the processes leukocytes are able to do

A

diapedesis
chemotaxis

94
Q

what’s diapedesis?

A

squeezing through blood vessel wall

95
Q

what’s chemotaxis?

A

attraction of leukocytes to chemicals at an infection site

96
Q

what does granulocytes have?

A

granules

97
Q

mention types of granulocytes

A

basophils, neutrophils,eosinophils

98
Q

mention types of agranulocytes

A

monocytes, lymohocytes

99
Q

most numerous granulocyte

A

neutrophils, 50-70%

100
Q

function of neutrophils

A

phagocytize infectious pathogens

101
Q

neutrophils are relate to_____

A

bacterial infection

102
Q

function of eosinophils

A

finding parasits

103
Q

basophils are related to_____

A

histamine, allergies

104
Q

monocites transform into______

A

macrophages

105
Q

function of monocytes

A

phagocytize bacteria, viruses, debris

106
Q

leukopenia is_____ number of_____

A

reduced, leukocytes

107
Q

leukocytosis is_____number of_____

A

elevated, leukocytes

108
Q

differential count is

A

measure each type of leukocytes

109
Q

increase of neutrophils

A

neutrophilic

110
Q

decrease of neutrophils

A

neutropenia

111
Q

increase of leukocytes is caused by______

A

viral infections

112
Q

acute leukemia

A

rapid progression, death

113
Q

what’s hemostasis?

A

stopping bleeding

114
Q

mention the phases of hemostasis

A

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation phase

115
Q

what happen in the vascular spasm phase?

A

vasoconstriction

116
Q

in platelet plug phase, the platelets stick with____

A

collagen fibers

117
Q

what component repels platelets?

A

prostacyclin

118
Q

platelets stick to collagen fibers with help of_______

A

von Willebrand factor

119
Q

low platelets count

A

thrombocytopenia

120
Q

what’s needed for coagulation?

A

calcium, clotting factors, platelets, vitamin K

121
Q

what are clotting factors how are they named?

A

they’re inactive enzymes. they’re named based on their discovery

122
Q

where are clotting factors produced?

A

liver

123
Q

named the pathways for coagulation

A

intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathway

124
Q

in the intrinsic pathway, the damage is_____ of vessel wall

A

inside

125
Q

sequence of intrinsic pathway

A

platelets
factor XII
factor XI
factor IX
factor IX - Ca2+ - factor III
factor VIII
factor X

126
Q

in the extrinsic pathway the damage is______of vessel wall

A

outside

127
Q

sequence of extrinsic pathway

A

thromboplastin - factor VII - Ca2+
factor X

128
Q

extrinsic pathway is _____ than intrinsic pathway

A

faster

129
Q

sequence of common pathway

A

factor X - factor II - factor V - Ca2+ - factor III= prothrombin activador
thrombin
soluble fibrinogen
soluble fibrin
factor XIII by Ca2+

130
Q

what does the sympathetic division does when we lose more than 10% of blood?

A

increases vasoconstriction, heart rate, force of heart contraction
redistribute blood to heart and brain

131
Q

clot elimination includes:

A

clot retraction, fibrinolysis

132
Q

what’s clot retraction?

A

actinomyosin squeezes serum out of clot to make it smaller

133
Q

what’s fibrinolysis?

A

degradation of fibrin by plasmin

134
Q

what’s an embolus?

A

blood clot that broke into blood

135
Q

what’s a thrombus?

A

blood vessel clot

136
Q

all formed elements are derived from cells called:

A

hemocytoblasts

137
Q

An average of about ______ of erythrocytes are removed from circulation per day.

A

10%

138
Q

glucose is a

A

polar molecule
dissolves in plasma

139
Q

what happen if colloid pressure decrease?

A

fluid retention

140
Q

The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is

A

multi-CSF

141
Q

As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol

A

degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2.

kin 224 (7 decks)

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