Chapter 18 Flashcards
Mention the 3 functions of blood
transportation, regulation, protection
What kind of tissue is blood?
connective tissue
What does blood carry?
hormones, heat, respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes
Which blood vessel take blood away from the heart?
arteries
Which blood vessel take blood into the heart?
veins
What is another name from capillaries?
exchange vessels
What are the 2 components of blood?
formed elements and plasma
Mention the formed elements of blood
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
What does erythrocytes transport?
respiratory gases or oxygen and co2
What is the principal function of leukocytes?
defend against pathogens
What is the principal function of platelets?
form clots to prevent blood loss
Which is the fluid portion of blood?
plasma
What are the ways to lose water?
skin, respiration, urine
What does blood regulate?
fluid balance, body temperature and pH
What color is blood when is oxygen-rich?
bright red
What does it mean when blood is dark red?
it’s oxygen-poor blood
What does viscosity mean?
how thick is something
How can blood viscosity be increased?
when there’s more erythrocytes or less fluid
What is the pH of blood?
slightly alkaline
What is whole blood?
formed elements and plasma
What is centrifuged blood?
the separation of whole blood
What’s the lower layer of centrifuged blood?
erythrocytes
What’s the middle layer of centrifuged blood?
buffy coat
What are the components of Buffy coat?
leukocytes and platelets
What’s the top layer of centrifuged blood?
plasma
What is the principal component of plasma?
water. 92%
What’s the definition of hematocrit?
percentage of volume of all formed elements
wha’s the clinical definition of hematocrit?
percentage of erythrocytes
What’s blood smear?
blood placed on microscope slide and stained
How erythrocytes are seen in a blood smear?
they’re more numerous, and pink
How leukocytes are seen in a blood smear?
larger than erythrocytes
How platelets are seen in a blood smear?
smallest ones
Where is plasma?
outside the cell
What is plasma similar to?
interstitial fluid
Why is blood a colloid?
because of plasma proteins
who generates colloid osmotic pressure?
plasma proteins
what does colloid osmotic pressure does?
sucks fluid preventing its lost
what is the main plasma protein?
albumins, 58%
what kind of protein is albumin?
transport protein
what is the second most common plasma protein?
globulin, 37%
mention the three types of globulins
alpha, beta and gamma
what does alpha and beta globulins do?
transport water-insoluble molecules
what does gamma-globulins do?
they’re part of body defense
when is fribinogen needed?
when it’s trauma
what is the function of fibrinogen?
helps with blood clotting
what’s hemopoiesis?
production of formed elements
where does hemopoiesis happen?
red bone marrow
why hemocytoblasts are pluripotent?
they can differentiate in many types of cells
what line forms lymphocytes?
lymphoid line
what lines does hemocytoblats produce?
myeloid and lymphoid line
what does myeloid line form?
erythrocytes, all leukocytes (no lymphocytes), and megakaryocytes
what does megakaryocytes produce?
platelets
what’s the function of colony-stimulating factors?
stimulate hematopoiesis
what’s erythropoiesis?
production of erythrocytes
what’s the sequence of erythropoiesis?
myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte
in what stage of erythropoiesis the nucleus is gone?
normoblast
why does reticulocytes need ribosomes?
to make hemoglobin and be able to carry oxygen and co2
what happen when the erythrocyte is made?
in the last stage, the ribosomes is gone
what’s the term for the production of leukocytes?
leukopoiesis
mention the sequence of the production of granulocytes
myeloid stem cell, myeloblast, granulocyte
mention the sequence of the production of monocytes
myeloid stem cell, monoblast, monocyte
in what lymphoid stem cell differentiate?
B-lymphoblast, T-lymphoblast, and some natural killers
what’s the term for production of platelets?
thrombopoiesis
mention the sequence of thrombopoiesis
megakaryoblast, megakaryiocyte, platelets
what protein is inside an erythrocyte?
hemoglobin
what’s the composition of hemoglobin?
4 globins. 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
where is the heme group?
in each globin, with iron in its center
oxygen binds to
iron
co2 binds to
globin
which hormone controls erythropoiesis?
erythropoietin (EPO)
where is erythropoietin produced?
liver
secretion of erythropoietin is stimulated by
decrease in blood oxygen or testosterone
EPO regulating erythropoiesis is______feedback
negative
mention ways of bloop doping
self donation of erythrocytes, drugs
how many time does erythrocytes live?
120 days
where are the old erythrocytes phagocytized?
liver or spleen
what is saved in erythrocyte destruction?
globulin and iron
what happen to the heme group during erythrocyte destruction?
in the macrophages, they’re converted into biliverdin
what does biliverdin become and where does it go?
bilirubin and goes to the liver
what does bilirubin become?
in the small intestine, it’s converted into urobilinogen
sequence of erythrocyte destruction
heme group
biliverdin
bilirubin
urobilinogen
bacteria or urobilin
define anemia
lover oxygen-carrying capacity
symptoms of anemia
lethargy, shortness of breath, pallor, palpitations
mention the surface antigens for all types of blood
Type A- A
Type B- B
Type AB- A and B
Type O- neither
where are the surface antigens?
on the cell
where are the antibodies?
in the blood
what type of antibodies does each type of blood has?
Type A- anti-B
Type B- anti-A
Type AB- neither
Type O- anti-A and anti-B
what’s a Rh factor?
surface antigen D
What’s a Rh positive?
erythrocyte with surface antigen D
NO anti-D antibodies
What’s a Rh negative?
erythrocyte with NO surface antigen D
NO anti-D antibodies
what happen if someone receives incompatible transfusion?
agglutination
what does leukocyte don’t have?
hemoglobin
mention the processes leukocytes are able to do
diapedesis
chemotaxis
what’s diapedesis?
squeezing through blood vessel wall
what’s chemotaxis?
attraction of leukocytes to chemicals at an infection site
what does granulocytes have?
granules
mention types of granulocytes
basophils, neutrophils,eosinophils
mention types of agranulocytes
monocytes, lymohocytes
most numerous granulocyte
neutrophils, 50-70%
function of neutrophils
phagocytize infectious pathogens
neutrophils are relate to_____
bacterial infection
function of eosinophils
finding parasits
basophils are related to_____
histamine, allergies
monocites transform into______
macrophages
function of monocytes
phagocytize bacteria, viruses, debris
leukopenia is_____ number of_____
reduced, leukocytes
leukocytosis is_____number of_____
elevated, leukocytes
differential count is
measure each type of leukocytes
increase of neutrophils
neutrophilic
decrease of neutrophils
neutropenia
increase of leukocytes is caused by______
viral infections
acute leukemia
rapid progression, death
what’s hemostasis?
stopping bleeding
mention the phases of hemostasis
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation phase
what happen in the vascular spasm phase?
vasoconstriction
in platelet plug phase, the platelets stick with____
collagen fibers
what component repels platelets?
prostacyclin
platelets stick to collagen fibers with help of_______
von Willebrand factor
low platelets count
thrombocytopenia
what’s needed for coagulation?
calcium, clotting factors, platelets, vitamin K
what are clotting factors how are they named?
they’re inactive enzymes. they’re named based on their discovery
where are clotting factors produced?
liver
named the pathways for coagulation
intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathway
in the intrinsic pathway, the damage is_____ of vessel wall
inside
sequence of intrinsic pathway
platelets
factor XII
factor XI
factor IX
factor IX - Ca2+ - factor III
factor VIII
factor X
in the extrinsic pathway the damage is______of vessel wall
outside
sequence of extrinsic pathway
thromboplastin - factor VII - Ca2+
factor X
extrinsic pathway is _____ than intrinsic pathway
faster
sequence of common pathway
factor X - factor II - factor V - Ca2+ - factor III= prothrombin activador
thrombin
soluble fibrinogen
soluble fibrin
factor XIII by Ca2+
what does the sympathetic division does when we lose more than 10% of blood?
increases vasoconstriction, heart rate, force of heart contraction
redistribute blood to heart and brain
clot elimination includes:
clot retraction, fibrinolysis
what’s clot retraction?
actinomyosin squeezes serum out of clot to make it smaller
what’s fibrinolysis?
degradation of fibrin by plasmin
what’s an embolus?
blood clot that broke into blood
what’s a thrombus?
blood vessel clot
all formed elements are derived from cells called:
hemocytoblasts
An average of about ______ of erythrocytes are removed from circulation per day.
10%
glucose is a
polar molecule
dissolves in plasma
what happen if colloid pressure decrease?
fluid retention
The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is
multi-CSF
As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol
degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2.
