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kin 224 > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

principal función of cardiovascular system

A

providing adequate perfusion

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2
Q

what’s perfusion?

A

delivery of blood per time per gram of tissue mL/min/g

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3
Q

the right ventricle send blood to the lungs via

A

pulmonary trunk

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4
Q

what are the only arteries that carry deoxygenates blood?

A

pulmonary arteries

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5
Q

largest artery

A

aorta

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6
Q

left ventricle send blood to the entire body via

A

the aorta

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7
Q

large veins

A

superior and inferior vena cava

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8
Q

vena cava from______ to _____

A

body, right atrium

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9
Q

only veins that carry oxygenated blood

A

pulmonary veins

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10
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve is between

A

right atrium and pulmonary trunk

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11
Q

aortic semilunar valve is between

A

left atrium and aorta

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12
Q

pattern of blood circulation

A

right atria ~ right ventricle ~ pulmonary trunk ~ lungs ~ eft atria ~ left ventricle ~ aorta ~ systemic circulation ~ SVC ~ right atria

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13
Q

the heart is posterior to the

A

sternum

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14
Q

the heart is in the _____ cavity

A

mediastinum

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15
Q

the apex of the heart points down into the _____

A

left

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16
Q

mention the 3 layers of the pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium
parietal layer of the serous pericardium
visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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17
Q

two serous layers separate by

A

pericardial cavity

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18
Q

type of tissue of fibrous parietal layer

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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19
Q

type of tissue of the two serous pericardium layers

A

simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue

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20
Q

what does the pericardial cavity contain?

A

serous fluid

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21
Q

why is the left side of the heart thicker?

A

it works harder because sends blood to all the body

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22
Q

what happens with the capillaries in pericarditis?

A

increases capillary permeability which causes fluid accumulation in pericardial cavity which restricts chamber’s movement

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23
Q

pericarditis results in_____

A

cardiac tamponade

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24
Q

what’s visible in the anterior view?

A

right atrium
right ventricle
right auricle (most)
pulmonary trunk
ascending aorta
aortic arch
descending aorta
portions of: left auricle and ventricle

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25
Q

what’s visible in the posterior view?

A

left atrium
left ventricle
pulmonary veins (left atrium)
IVC, SVN
pulmonary arteries
posterior interventricular sulcus
part of coronary sulcus

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26
Q

coronary sulcus is separates _____ from_____

A

atria, ventricles

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27
Q

AV valves close when ______ _____

A

ventricles contract

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28
Q

AV valves prevent back flow to

A

atria

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29
Q

semilunar valves prevent back flow to

A

ventricles

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30
Q

semilunar valves open when

A

Av valves close and ventricles contract

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31
Q

symptoms of cardiomegaly

A

shortness of breath, dizziness, swelling, arrhythmia

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32
Q

heart murmur

A

abnormal heart sound

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33
Q

4 normal heart sounds

A

S1 - AV valves close
S2 - semilunar valves close
S3 S4 minor sounds

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34
Q

type of tissue the fibrous skeleton is

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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35
Q

function of fibrous skeleton

A

supports atria and ventricles
valves anchor to it
framework for the heart
prevents ventricles to contract at the same time as atria

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36
Q

cardiac cells have ____ nuclei

A

2

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37
Q

what structure is only part of cardiac cells?

A

intercalated discs

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38
Q

what are the 2 types of junctions in the intercalated discs?

A

desmosomes, gap junctions

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39
Q

describe desmosomes

A

proteins filaments, mechanically joint cells

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40
Q

describe gap junctions

A

electrically or functional joint cells

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41
Q

ischemic

A

low oxygen

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42
Q

cardiac muscle use different types of_____ (glucose, lactic acid, fatty acids, amino acid, ketone bodies)

A

fuel molecules

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43
Q

cardiac muscle relies on _____ metabolism

A

aerobic

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44
Q

right coronary artery branches:

A

marginal artery
posterior interventricular artery

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45
Q

left coronary artery branches:

A

circumflex artery
anterior interventricular artery

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46
Q

coronary arteries are different because

A

they’re functional end arteries

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47
Q

arterial anastomoses are

A

connections between vessels to provide more than one route

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48
Q

why arterial anatomies doesn’t work on the heart?

A

coronary anastomoses are too small

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49
Q

what happens with coronary flow when the heart contracts?

A

vessels compressed interrupting flow

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50
Q

mention the coronary veins and their location

A

great cardiac vein - anterior interventricular
middle cardiac vein - posterior interventricular
small cardiac vein - next to right marginal artery
coronary sinus -

51
Q

function of coronary sinus

A

receive blood from cardiac veins and drains into right atrium

52
Q

3 things that go into the right atria

A

SVC
IVC
coronary sinus

53
Q

pain in the chest

A

angina pectoris

54
Q

coronary spasm

A

narrowing of the vessels

55
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

56
Q

what does the SA node does?

A

initiates heartbeat

57
Q

another name for sinoatrial node

A

pacemaker

58
Q

location of SA node

A

high in right atrium

59
Q

location of AV node

A

floor of the right atrium

60
Q

AV bundle extends from _____ through ______

A

AV node, interventricular septum

61
Q

AV bundle divides into

A

right and left bundles

62
Q

purkinje fibers go through

A

ventricles

63
Q

describe conduction system

A

initiates and conducts electrical events

64
Q

location of the cardiac center

A

medulla oblongata

65
Q

cardiac center contains

A

cardioacceleratory, cardioinhibitory

66
Q

cardiac center receives signal from

A

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

67
Q

parasympathetic innervation starts at ______ via _____

A

cardioinhibitory center, vagus nerve (X)

68
Q

sympathetic innervation starts at _____ via ______

A

cardioacceleratory center, neurons from T1-T5

69
Q

____ vagus enervates SA node

A

right

70
Q

left vagus innervates ____ node

A

atrioventricular AV

71
Q

heart contraction involves two events

A

conduction system
cardiac muscle cells spread action potentials and contract

72
Q

what’s the function of a nodal cell?

A

starts the action potential

73
Q

what’s the resting membrane potential of nodal cell?

A

60mV

74
Q

mention the 3 electrical events at SA node

A

threshold
depolarization
repolarization

75
Q

what happens in the threshold?

A

slow voltage-gated Na channels open
Na flows in
membrane potential from 60mV to 40mV

76
Q

process of depolarization (nodal cell)

A

fast voltage-gated Ca channels open
Ca flows in
membrane potential from 40mV to above 0mV

77
Q

process of repolarization (nodal cell)

A

Ca channels close
voltage-gated K channels open
K flows out
RMP back
voltage-gated Na channels open
process begins again

78
Q

numbers of heartbeats at rest

A

75 per min

79
Q

function of vagal tone

A

keeps resting heart rate slower

80
Q

action potential is delayed at ____ node

A

AV

81
Q

this delayed allows

A

ventricles to fill before they contract

82
Q

where does heart stimulation begin?

A

apex of the heart

83
Q

what’s the resting membrane potential of cardiac muscle cells?

A

90mV

84
Q

electrical events of cardiac muscle action potential

A

depolarization
plateau
repolarization

85
Q

process of depolarization (cardiac muscle)

A

fast voltage-gated Na channels open
Na enters the cell
membrane potential from 90mV to 30mV

86
Q

process of plateau phase

A

voltage-gated K channels open
slow voltage-gated Ca channels open
K leaves
Ca enters
membrane potential remain depolarized

87
Q

process of repolarization (cardiac muscle)

A

voltage-gated Ca close
K channels remain open
RMP back

88
Q

in the mechanical events, who initiates?

A

Ca binding with troponin

89
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

90
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization
atrial repolarization

91
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

92
Q

P-Q segment

A

atrial plateau
atrial contraction

93
Q

S-T segment

A

ventricular plateau
ventricular contraction

94
Q

P-R interval

A

from beginning of P wave to before Q deflection

95
Q

Q-T interval

A

from beginning of QRS to end of T wave

96
Q

cause of cardiac arrhythmia

A

heart blocks
impaired conduction

97
Q

first degree block

A

long P-R segment
between ventricles and atria

98
Q

second degree block

A

some atrial action potentials are not getting to the ventricles

99
Q

third degree block

A

all actions potentials are no getting to the ventricles

100
Q

cardiac cycle: all the events from ____ to

A

one beat, the next

101
Q

systole

A

contraction

102
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

103
Q

ventricular contraction: what happen to AV valves and semilunar valves?

A

AV valves close
semilunar valves open

104
Q

ventricular relaxation: what happen to AV valves and semilunar valves?

A

AV valves open
semilunar valves close

105
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

amount of blood ejected by ventricle

106
Q

end systolic volum (ESV)

A

amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after its contraction

107
Q

edema

A

swelling. collection of interstitial fluid

108
Q

cardiac output

A

measures how effective the cardiovascular system is

109
Q

formula for cardiac output

A

heart rate times stroke volume

110
Q

positive chronotropic agents

A

increase heart rate via sympathetic division

111
Q

mention positivé chronotropic agents

A

caffeine
thyroid hormone
nicotine
cocaine

112
Q

negative chronotropic agents

A

decrease heart rate via parasympathetic activity

113
Q

venous return

A

volume of blood returned to the heart

114
Q

The primitive ventricle forms most of the _____ ventricle.

A

left

115
Q

During weeks ______, the single heart tube becomes partitioned into four chambers (two atria and two ventricles), and the main vessels entering and leaving the heart form.

A

5-8

116
Q

Stroke volume (SV) in a healthy adult is approximately ______

A

70 ml

117
Q

stroke volum formula

A

EDV - ESV

118
Q

What are the cell-to-cell contacts of the cardiac muscle fibers called?

A

intercalated discs

119
Q

Vagal tone refers to the

A

decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation

120
Q

To initiate a cardiac muscle cell contraction, calcium

A

binds to troponin

121
Q

Blood moves into and then out of a heart chamber because

A

it moves along its pressure gradient, and that gradient depends on contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle

122
Q

three main factors influencing stroke volume

A

venous return
afterload
inotropic agents

123
Q

The tetralogy of Fallot is

A

a developmental disorder that is a cardiac septal defect.

kin 224 (7 decks)

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