chapter 22 Flashcards
selected organs house
macrophages
secondary lymphatic structures house
T and B-lymphocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
NK cells
epithelial layers of skin and mucosal membrane house
dendritic cells
connective tissue houses
mast cells
definition of cytokines
small proteins that regulate immune activity
how does cytokines regulate immune activity?
they’re chemical messenger released from on cell that bind to receptors of target cells
cytokines are similar to hormones. why?
autocrine
paracrine
endocrine
effects of cytokines
signaling cells
controlling behavior of immune system
regulation inflammatory process
destroying cells
innate immunity is _____ while adaptive immunity is ______
nonspecific and fast
specific and long
first line of defense in innate immunity
skin
mucosal membrane
second line of defense in innate immunity
cells
antimicrobial proteins
inflammation
fever
phagocytic cells
neutrophils
macrophages
dendritic cells
promote inflammation
basophils
mast cells
mast cells and basophils release
histamin (vasodilation)
heparin (anticoagulant)
NK cells perform ______ which means they patrol the body
immune surveillance
process of killing by NK cells
they release perforin which creates transmembrane pores
they release granzymes which enter through the pores
apoptosis
eosinophils attack
multicellular parasites
eosinophils participate in immune responses related to
allergy
asthma
antimicrobial proteins against
microbes
interferon
antimicrobial protein
class of cytokines
impedes viral spread
interfere with viruses
pathways of complement system
common: complement binds to antibody
alternative: complement binds to polysaccharides of bacterial cell wall
effects of complement system
opsonization
inflammation
cytolysis
elimination of immune complexes
events of inflammation
released chemicals
recruitment of leukocytes
delivery of plasma proteins
margination
adherence of leukocytes to endothelial CAMs
diapedesis
leukocytes squeeze out blood vessels
chemotaxis
leukocytes are attracted by chemical released from damaged cells
during the first phase of inflammation, what happen?
vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, increased display of CAMs
what kind of protein are delivered in the 3 phase of inflammation?
clotting proteins
kinin: stimulates pain receptors (bradykinin)
effects of inflammation
exudate moves from blood to injured cell
vasodilation
increased capillary permeability
loss of plasma proteins
extra fluid wash the area
cardiac signs of inflammation
redness
heat
swelling
pain
loss of function
fever or _____ is the result from release of _____
pyrexia
pyrogens
events of onset
pyrogens target hypothalamus
hypothalamus releases prostaglandin E2
hypothalamus raises temperature
adaptive immunity involves specific
antigen
cell-mediated immunity involves
T-lymphocytes
humoral immunity involves
B-lymphocytes
plasma cells
antibodies
antigen
substance that binds to T-lymphocyte or antibody
examples of antigen
protein capsid of viruses
call wall of bacteria or fungi
bacterial toxins
tumor antigens
abnormal proteins
autoimmune disorders
system reacts to self-antigen as if foreign
antigen determinat
epitope
specific site of an antigen that the system recognize
haptens
too small
don’t function alone
TRC is antigen receptor of
T-lymphocytes
BCR is antigen receptor of
B-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes make ______ contact with antigen
direct
T-lymphocytes have ______ _______ by another cell
antigen presented
subtypes of T-lymphocytes
Helper T-lymphocytes: CD4
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes: CD8
MHC I is found on all
nucleated cells
MHC II is found on
APCs
life events of lymphocytes
formation of lymphocytes
activation of lymphocytes
effector response
formation of lymphocytes occurs in
red bone marrow
thymus
activation of lymphocytes occurs in
secondary lymphatic structures
in effector response phase, T-lymphocytes migrate to
site of infection
3 phases of thymic selection
postive selection
negative selection
differentiation
what percentage of T-lymphocytes pass the 3 phases of thymic selection?
2%
positive selection
cortex of thymus
ability to bind MHC molecules
negative selection
medulla of thymus
ability to NOT bind self-antigens (self tolerance)
regulatory T-lymphocytes (tregs)
tolerance outside primary lymphatic structures (peripheral tolerance)
events of fever
onset
stadium
defervescence
