chapter 25

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

sum total of all the chemical reactions occurring within the cells of an organism

Question 2

atp

Answer 2

is the primary energy carrying molecule of the cell

Question 3

stage one of the nutrient processing

Answer 3

digestion occurs in the GIT and absorbed nutrients enter the blood to reach tissue cells. break down of the food Starts here it gets broken down into smaller pieces so the blood can absorb its nutrients which are them distributed in the body

Question 4

stage 2 of the nutrient process

Answer 4

occurs in the cytoplasm of tissue cells
absorbed nutrients are: 1) used to build complex molecules (lipids, proteins, glycogen) by anabolic pathways
OR 2) broken down by catabolic pathways to harvest their bond energy to form pyretic acid and acetyl CoA

Question 5

anabolic pathways

Answer 5

simple building blocks to create a larger structure. it happened because cells need different lipids or proteins for different things.

Question 6

stage 3 of nutrient processing

Answer 6

occurs in the mitochondria and is almost entirely catabolic (break down). it requires oxygen and completes the breakdown of food to CO2 and H2O generating large amounts of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. does it in a way where molecules are stripped off of electrons and are handed over to electron transport chain which is a serous membrane.

Question 7

phosphorylation

Answer 7

adding a phosphate group to something

Question 8

carbohydrates metabolism

Answer 8

carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides
liver cells convert fructose and galactose to glucose
can transfer energy from glucose to ATP
other nutrients like fats or amino acids, can generate ATP and are linked to glucose breakdown pathways

Question 9

liver cells

Answer 9

hepatocytes

Question 10

glucose

Answer 10

is the major fuel its what gets broken down

Question 11

glucose catabolism

Answer 11

breaking things down from larger structures to smaller structure. glucose catabolism is central to ATP production

Question 12

cellular respiration

Answer 12

is the process that releases energy from glucose and makes it available of cellular use
it involves oxidation reaction -ALWAYS HAPPEN TOGETHER

Question 13

Oxidized

Answer 13

when a electron is lost (LEO) exergonic. the energy is existing

Question 14

reduced

Answer 14

gaining an electron (GER) endergonic. going an electron/hydrogen atom. endergonic is energy making a new bond so energy is trapped between the bond

Question 15

what are the two co enzymes?

Answer 15

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and Flavin adenine dinucleoride (FAD)

Question 16

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Answer 16

FAD (oxidized) –> (+2H) FADH2 (reduced)

Question 17

flavin adenine dinucleotide

Answer 17

FAD (oxidized) –> (-2H) FADH2 (reduced)

Question 18

what are the four sets of reactions with cellular respirations

Answer 18

1. glycolysis
2. formation of acetyl CoA
3. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
4. electron transport chain reactions (ETC)

Question 19

summarized cellular respiration

Answer 19

C6H2O6 (glucose) + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 32 ATP + heat

Question 20

glycolysis

Answer 20

occurs in the cytoplasm.
is an anaerobic process (does not need O2)
series of 10 reactions which convert 1 glucose (6C) into 2 molecules of pyretic acid (3C). (Takes glucose molecules and splits it in half so they have 3 carbons). glucose has lost 4 hydrogen atoms which are now bond to 2 molecules of NAD+. produces 2 NADH + 2H+.
also results in a net gain of 2 ATP.
the fate of pyretic acid depends on oxygen availability. if oxygen is unavailable (anaerobic conditions), the pyretic acid will be reduced.

Question 21

formation of acetyl CoA

Answer 21

if oxygen is available (aerobic conditions), the pyretic acid is converted to acetyl coenzyme A (CoA).
pyretic acid (3 carbon) loses a C atom as CO2, and a pair of H atoms as it enters the mitochondria
the 2C molecule formed (acetic acid) is attached to coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA (form to every molecule of glucose)
H’s are transferred to NAD+ to produce NADH+
acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle

Question 22

Krebs cycle (Citrix acid cycle)

Answer 22

occurs in the matrix of mitochondria. an aerobic process
series of 8 cyclical reactions
begins with 1 acetyl CoA and results in:
- formation of 2 CO2
- H’s are picked up by FAD to form 1 FADH2
- H’s are picked up by NAD+ to form 3 NADH
- formation of 1 atp
much of the energy original persent in the bonds of glucose is now present in the reduced coenzymes. most of the energy is now found in the NADH and FADH now
high energy electrons are handed off to the electron transport chain (last step) which couples this energy to ATP synthesis

Question 23

electron transport chain

Answer 23

occurs on the crustal of the inner mitochondrial membrane
electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to a series of membrane proteins that act as acceptors
electrons are passed from acceptor to acceptor along the chain and run downhill
**hydrogen atoms are split apart as they transfer from coenzymes to the ETC.
energy from NADH+ H+ passes along the ETC and is used to pump H+ from the metric to the inter membrane space (proton pump)
this creates an area of high H+ concentration in the inter membrane space.
H+ then diffuse back down the concentration gradient into the matrix through ATP synthase complexes to form ATP from ADP.
each pair of electron is donated to ETX by NADH provided enough energy to pump enough protons to produce about 2.5 molecules of ATP (1.5 ATP for each FADH2)
oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC
- electrons are recombined with protons to form hydrogen which is combined with oxygen to form water 6H2O

Question 24

ATP produced in glycolysis

Answer 24

2 atp

Question 25

atp produced in Krebs cycle

Answer 25

2 atp

Question 26

nadh produced in glycolysis

Answer 26

2 x2.5 atp = 5atp

Question 27

nadh produced in formation of acetyl CoA from pyretic acid

Answer 27

2x 2.5 atp = 5atp

Question 28

nadh produced in Krebs cycle

Answer 28

6x2.5 atp= 15 atp

Question 29

fadh2 produced in Krebs cycle

Answer 29

2x1.5 atp= 3 atp

Question 30

shuttle 1

Answer 30

found in the liver, kidney, and heart muscle
nadh passes electrons to a shuttle molecules that delivers electrons to beginning of etc
anything that starts at the beginning generates 2.5 atp

Question 31

shuttle 2

Answer 31

found in skeletal muscle and brain cells
nadh passes electrons to a different shuttle that delivers electrons down etc
only generates 1.5 atp, just like fadh2