chapter 2 Flashcards
biochemistry
is the study of the bio composition and chemicals of living matter
inorganic compounds
LACK CARBON, and are structurally simple. exception is CO2
organic compounds
always CONTAIN CARBON, and usually hydrogen and are formed by covalent bonds.
covalent bonds
are formed by 2 or more atoms that are sharing electrons
inorganic compounds- WATER
most abundant and important inorganic compounds in all living organisms
has many properties such as:
- high heat capacity
- high heat of vaporization
- polar solevent
- formed during dehydration synthesis reactions and required in hydrolysis reactions
- cushioning and lubricating effect
high heat capacity
water can gain or lose heat very slowly. water molecules have hydrogen bonds that when water absorbs heat from the sun it is trying to break the hydrogen bonds rather than trying to break the molecules around it
high heat of vaporization
amount of heat that is required to change a liquid to gas
polar solvent
water is a universal solvent. solvent dissolves other things.
dehydration synthesis
is you are trying to put two things together and are trying to bond them to create something larger
inorganic compounds - SALTS, ACIDS, BASES
all dissociate (break apart) when dissolved in water, giving rise to oppositely charged ions called electrolytes
salts
dissociate into positive and negative ions (neither of which is H+ or OH-)
bases
dissociate into 1 or more hydroxyl ions and 1 or more positive ions.
ph scale
measures intensity of acids and bases
has values from 0-14
is based on the relative concentration of H+ in a solution
buffer systems
minimize changes in the pH of solutions by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases
organic compounds
comprise 38-40% of total body mass
contai C, H O, N S etc
how are organic compounds built?
by joining monomers together into polymers
hydrolysis
monomers are release by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other
organic compounds- CARBOHYDRATES
structural components in molecules can be used as “fuel”
includes sugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose
are main source of chemical energy for metabolism
classified by the # of sugar units
monosaccharides
simplest, with the general formula CH2O eg glucose
disaccharides
formed by a dehydration synthesis to going 2 monosaccs
polysaccharides
large chain of many monosaccs joined together eg. glycogen.
organic compounds- LIPIDS
are composed of C, H ,O
are non polar compounds thus not soluble in water
includes: triglycerides, phopholiplipids , steroids
hydrophobic
water fearing, will not interact with water or other water molecules
triglycerides
composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
important for storage of energy, insulation and shock absorption
phospholipids
composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
main component of membranes
hydrophilic
water loving
steroids
consist of 4 interlocking carbon rings with various side groups
includes cholesterol and steroid hormones
composed of C, H, O and N
polymers built from 20 different amino acids
amino acids
are joined by peptide bonds formed by dehydration synthesis
protein structure
4 structural levels of proteins
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
structural (fibrous)
stable and insoluble in water
provide mechanical support and give strength
functional (globular)
less stable, H- bonds break easily
are water soluble
protein can denature and cease to function if their environment changes
proteins have many important function including they role as enzymes
denature
proteins start to break down
enzymes
help with metabolic reactions
enzyme activity
are biological catalysts which increases the rate of a specific chemical reaction
enzymes react with a specific substrate and increase the rate at which product is formed
enzymes act to decrease the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction to proceed
have “ase” as suffix
catalyst
is some substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. it does not get used up or altered in the process. its is RESUABLE
organic compounds- NUCLEIC ACIDS
really large molecules
composed of C,H,O,N,P
are chains of nucleotides
nucleotide
phosphate group + 5C sugar (pentose) + nitrogenous base
what are the two kinds of nucleic acids?
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA
double strandred polymer, twisted into a double helix
sugar is deoxyribose
N-bases are A,T,C,G
H bonds join N-bases
ribonucleic acid- RNA
single nucleotide chain
sugar is ribose
N-bases are A, U C, G
RNA: rRNA, mRNA, tRNA
organic compounds- ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE- ATP
is a molecule that cells use to perform various types of work
consists of N-base adenine, 5 carbon sugar (ribose) and 3 phosphate groups
atop can be broken down to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), releasing energy to be used for cellar work
ATP can be synthesized from ADP + P, which required energy input provided by glucose breakdown
