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chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

biochemistry

A

is the study of the bio composition and chemicals of living matter

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2
Q

inorganic compounds

A

LACK CARBON, and are structurally simple. exception is CO2

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3
Q

organic compounds

A

always CONTAIN CARBON, and usually hydrogen and are formed by covalent bonds.

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4
Q

covalent bonds

A

are formed by 2 or more atoms that are sharing electrons

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5
Q

inorganic compounds- WATER

A

most abundant and important inorganic compounds in all living organisms
has many properties such as:
- high heat capacity
- high heat of vaporization
- polar solevent
- formed during dehydration synthesis reactions and required in hydrolysis reactions
- cushioning and lubricating effect

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6
Q

high heat capacity

A

water can gain or lose heat very slowly. water molecules have hydrogen bonds that when water absorbs heat from the sun it is trying to break the hydrogen bonds rather than trying to break the molecules around it

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7
Q

high heat of vaporization

A

amount of heat that is required to change a liquid to gas

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8
Q

polar solvent

A

water is a universal solvent. solvent dissolves other things.

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9
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

is you are trying to put two things together and are trying to bond them to create something larger

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10
Q

inorganic compounds - SALTS, ACIDS, BASES

A

all dissociate (break apart) when dissolved in water, giving rise to oppositely charged ions called electrolytes

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11
Q

salts

A

dissociate into positive and negative ions (neither of which is H+ or OH-)

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12
Q

bases

A

dissociate into 1 or more hydroxyl ions and 1 or more positive ions.

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13
Q

ph scale

A

measures intensity of acids and bases
has values from 0-14
is based on the relative concentration of H+ in a solution

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14
Q

buffer systems

A

minimize changes in the pH of solutions by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases

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15
Q

organic compounds

A

comprise 38-40% of total body mass
contai C, H O, N S etc

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16
Q

how are organic compounds built?

A

by joining monomers together into polymers

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17
Q

hydrolysis

A

monomers are release by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other

18
Q

organic compounds- CARBOHYDRATES

A

structural components in molecules can be used as “fuel”
includes sugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose
are main source of chemical energy for metabolism
classified by the # of sugar units

19
Q

monosaccharides

A

simplest, with the general formula CH2O eg glucose

20
Q

disaccharides

A

formed by a dehydration synthesis to going 2 monosaccs

21
Q

polysaccharides

A

large chain of many monosaccs joined together eg. glycogen.

22
Q

organic compounds- LIPIDS

A

are composed of C, H ,O
are non polar compounds thus not soluble in water
includes: triglycerides, phopholiplipids , steroids

23
Q

hydrophobic

A

water fearing, will not interact with water or other water molecules

24
Q

triglycerides

A

composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
important for storage of energy, insulation and shock absorption

25
Q

phospholipids

A

composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
main component of membranes

26
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving

27
Q

steroids

A

consist of 4 interlocking carbon rings with various side groups
includes cholesterol and steroid hormones
composed of C, H, O and N
polymers built from 20 different amino acids

28
Q

amino acids

A

are joined by peptide bonds formed by dehydration synthesis

29
Q

protein structure

A

4 structural levels of proteins
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

30
Q

structural (fibrous)

A

stable and insoluble in water
provide mechanical support and give strength

31
Q

functional (globular)

A

less stable, H- bonds break easily
are water soluble
protein can denature and cease to function if their environment changes
proteins have many important function including they role as enzymes

32
Q

denature

A

proteins start to break down

33
Q

enzymes

A

help with metabolic reactions

34
Q

enzyme activity

A

are biological catalysts which increases the rate of a specific chemical reaction
enzymes react with a specific substrate and increase the rate at which product is formed
enzymes act to decrease the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction to proceed
have “ase” as suffix

35
Q

catalyst

A

is some substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. it does not get used up or altered in the process. its is RESUABLE

36
Q

organic compounds- NUCLEIC ACIDS

A

really large molecules
composed of C,H,O,N,P
are chains of nucleotides

37
Q

nucleotide

A

phosphate group + 5C sugar (pentose) + nitrogenous base

38
Q

what are the two kinds of nucleic acids?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
ribonucleic acid (RNA)

39
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA

A

double strandred polymer, twisted into a double helix
sugar is deoxyribose
N-bases are A,T,C,G
H bonds join N-bases

40
Q

ribonucleic acid- RNA

A

single nucleotide chain
sugar is ribose
N-bases are A, U C, G
RNA: rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

41
Q

organic compounds- ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE- ATP

A

is a molecule that cells use to perform various types of work
consists of N-base adenine, 5 carbon sugar (ribose) and 3 phosphate groups
atop can be broken down to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), releasing energy to be used for cellar work
ATP can be synthesized from ADP + P, which required energy input provided by glucose breakdown

bio (8 decks)

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