Chapter 24 - Water Balance Flashcards
The only way to control water loss is to control __________.
Urine volume
Two ways of controlling urine volume:
- Controlling Na+ reabsorption
2. Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)
What are two types of water loss?
- Obligatory Water Loss
2. Insensible Water Loss
What type of water loss is unavoidable, like urine output?
Obligatory Water Loss
What type of water loss are people not aware of that comes from skin and the lungs?
Insensible Water Loss
What are the two types of water gain?
- Preformed Water
2. Metabolic Water
What are two examples of Metabolic water gain?
- Aerobic Respiration
2. Dehydration Synthesis
Osmosis is….
the movement of water towards a higher concentration of solute.
What are Aquaporins?
Membrane proteins in kidneys that channel water back into the body
What percent of fluid is in ICF?
65%
What percent of fluid is in ECF?
35%
(25% from tissue fluid
8% from blood plasma, lymph nodes
2% from CSF Cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid)
What anion is most important in controlling acid balance in ECF?
Chlorine (Cl-)
What is the most abundant cation (and electrolyte) in ECF?
Sodium (Na+)!
What is the most abundant cation in ICF?
Potassium (K+)
What is the most abundant anion in ICF?
Hint: It is very important in ATP production!
Phosphate (PO43-)
What ECF ion is important in muscular contraction, blood clotting, and exocytosis?
Calcium (Ca++)
Which ECF anion plays a major role in regulating blood pH?
Chloride (Cl-)
Some Acid - Base “challenges” are…
- Lactic Acid
- Phosphoric Acid
- Fatty Acids
- Ketones
- Carbonic Acids
What are the two categories of buffer systems?
Physiological buffers and Chemical buffers
Buffer systems get rid of ___ so they don’t lower pH when being “challenged”
Hydrogen (H+)
Which type of buffer system takes time? What are some example of it?
Physiological buffers
Ex: Urinary (renal) system buffers take several hours
Respiratory system buffers take several minutes
What type of buffer system is rapid? What are the three specific buffer systems within this type?
Chemical buffers
- Bicarbonate Buffer System
- Phosphate Buffer System
- Protein Buffer System
Which physiological buffer system ties in with one of the chemical buffer systems? How do these work together?
The Respiration buffer system (Ventilation) ties in with Bicarbonate buffer systems.
They work together by releasing and binding H+ to change pH.
High CO2 and low ph –> stimulates pulmonary ventilation
Low CO2 and high ph –> inhibits pulmonary ventilation
How can amino acids function as chemical buffers?
Carboxylic acid side group can release H+ to lower pH
NH2 side group can absorb H+ to raise pH
What is respiratory acidosis? What is another name for it?
Respiratory acidosis is a problem with ventilation because CO2 production is too slow (CO2 builds up).
It is also called Emphysema.
What is respiratory alkalosis? What is another name for it?
Respiratory alkalosis is a problem with ventilation because CO2 is eliminated too fast.
It is also called Hyperventilation.
What are causes of Metabolic acidosis?
- Lactic Acid
- Ketones (released during fat metabolism)
- Diabetes
- Acidic drugs (Aspirin)
- Chronic diarrhea
- Laxative abuse
________ is a rare condition that occurs when pH is too low (alkali).
Metabolic alkalosis
What are causes of Metabolic alkalosis?
- Overuse of antacids
2. Chronic vomiting
