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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 11 - Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What connective tissue wraps each muscle fiber?

A

Endomysium

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2
Q

What connective tissue wraps fascicles?

A

Perimysium

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3
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
    3 Smooth
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4
Q

What are the functions of muscle? (There are 6)

A
  1. Motion
  2. Posture
  3. Produce heat
  4. Joint stability
  5. Guard entrances and exits
  6. “Communicate”
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5
Q

What connective tissue covers skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium

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6
Q

What covers each skeletal muscle and it’s epimysium connective tissue?

A

Deep fascia

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7
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Fibrous tissue, connects muscle to bone

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8
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Pearly white fibrous tissue, like a tendon, but over sheetlike muscles

Ex: Head, rectus abdominis

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9
Q

Muscles contained within a particular region are called…

A

Intrinsic muscles

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10
Q

Muscles that act upon a designated region, but have an origin elsewhere are called…

A

Extrinsic muscles

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11
Q

What is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell?

A

Sarcoplasm

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12
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

What controls calcium ion concentration?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

What is the cell membrane of a muscle cell?

A

Sarcolemma

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15
Q

What surface do nerve impulses travel over?

Hint: It separates intracellular and extracellular spaces

A

Sarcolemma

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16
Q

The sarcoplasm contains large amounts of…

A

Glycogen and Myoglobin

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17
Q

What is Myoglobin? What does it do in muscles?

A

An oxygen-binding protein; temporarily stores oxygen in muscle tissue

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18
Q

What does Glycogen do in muscle contraction?

A

Glycogen makes glucose (the fuel source!)

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19
Q

What part of the muscle is the ‘“contractile unit”?

A

Sarcomere

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20
Q

What are the six proteins found in a sarcomere?

A
  1. Actin - thin filaments
  2. Myosin - thick filaments
  3. Tropomyosin
  4. Troponin
  5. Titin - elastic filament
  6. Nebulin
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21
Q

What are Cisternae?

A 
Sac - like storage chambers
Positioned over Z-Lines
Has high concentration of Ca++
Releases Ca++ during contraction
Reabsorbs Ca++ during relaxation
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22
Q

What are Transverse Tubules?

A

In between Cisternae
Carry nerve impulses to Cisternae
Tell Cisternae to release Ca++ to contract muscles
Lumen of T-Tubule is continuous with extracellular space

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23
Q

What is a triad made of?

A

2 Cisternae and a T-Tubule

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24
Q

What are two Cisternae and a T-tubule called?

A

Triad

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25
Q

What is the end of a nerve cell?

A

Synaptic knob

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26
Q

What is the small space between neuron and muscle?

A

Synaptic cleft

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27
Q

What part of the nerve cell stores neurotransmitters?

A

Synaptic vesicles

28
Q

What is the motor end plate?

A

The part directly underneath the neuromuscular junction

29
Q

What is a Synaptic knob?

A

The end of a nerve cell

30
Q

What is a Synaptic cleft?

A

The small space between neuron (nerve cell) and muscle

31
Q

What is a Synaptic vesicle?

A

The part of the nerve cell that stores neurotransmitters

32
Q

What neurotransmitter is released in muscle contraction?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

33
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor neuron + all the muscle fibers it supplies

34
Q

Where would you find small motor units?

A

Eye or finger muscles

Places of fine muscle control

35
Q

Where would you find large motor units?

A

Leg muscles (gastrocnemius in calf)

36
Q

What theory explains muscle contraction?

A

SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY

37
Q

What is the Power Stroke?

A

When myosin heads swivel towards the center of a sarcomere

38
Q

What does Ca++ do in muscle contraction?

A

It binds to Troponin and moves Tropomyosin, exposing myosin binding sites on actin

39
Q

What does ATP do in muscle contraction?

A

“Cock” myosin heads

Release + attach myosin from myosin binding sites of actin

40
Q

What principle says that individual muscle fibers will contract to their fullest or not at all?

A

All-or-nothing principle

41
Q

What is the all-or-nothing principle?

A

Principle that individual muscle fibers will contract to their fullest or not at all.

42
Q

What breaks down Acetylcholine (ACh)?

A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

43
Q

What happens to Ca++ during muscle relaxation?

A

Transported from sarcoplasm into sarcoplasmic reticulum

44
Q

What gathers Ca++ back into Cisternae (in Sarcoplasmic Reticulum)?

A

Calsequestrin

45
Q

What happens during Rigor Mortis?

A

Ca++ leaks out of sarcoplasmic reticulum after death
No ATP to break myosin heads away from myosin binding sites on actin
Like a permanent Charlie Horse

46
Q

What are the three sources of energy in muscle contraction?

A
  1. ADP and Creatine Phosphate
  2. Aerobic respiration
  3. Anaerobic respiration
47
Q

What makes energy with oxygen?

A

Aerobic respiration

48
Q

What makes energy WITHOUT oxygen? What does it use instead?

A

Anaerobic respiration

Uses Lactic Acid (turned to glucose in liver) instead

49
Q

What creates sore muscles?

A

Lactic Acid

50
Q

What can happen when Lactic acid creates a low pH in muscles cells?

A

Low pH can denature proteins

51
Q

How is Lactic acid removed?

A

It is taken to the liver and turned into glucose

52
Q

What is a contracture?

A

A state of continuous contractions

53
Q

What is a state of continuous contractions?

A

A contracture

54
Q

What is “Multiple Unit Summation”?

A

The process of increasing the number of active motor units to increase the degree of contraction.

55
Q

What are the four periods of a muscle “twitch”?

A
  1. Latent period
  2. Contraction period
  3. Relaxation period
  4. Refractory period
56
Q

What is a Myogram? What is another name for it?

A

A single muscle contraction; “twitch”

57
Q

What are the two types of smooth muscle?

A

Multiunit Smooth Muscle and Single Unit (Visceral) Smooth Muscle

58
Q

What is an example of a Multiunit Smooth Muscle?

A

Irises of Eyes

59
Q

What is an example of a Single Unit (Visceral) Smooth Muscle?

A

Hollow Organs

60
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Smooth muscle contraction moves food through digestive system

61
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Discs that bind cardiac muscle cells together

62
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Small gaps between muscle cells

Allow muscles to “communicate” (electrical impulses and molecules to pass between them)

63
Q

Homeostatic imbalances are anything that blocks these two neurotransmitters:

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

64
Q

_____ blocks nerve transmissions in muscle cells

Hint: Used in poison darts!

A

Curare; Tubocurarine

65
Q

These two chemicals block AChE:

A

Clostridium tetani (Tetnus) and Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)

66
Q

What is the most abundant muscular protein?

A

Myosin

Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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