Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 17 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones are…

A

Chemical messengers secreted into blood or ECF by one cell that affects the functioning of another cell that has a receptor for that hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most hormones circulate in ________.

A

Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hormones affect a ______ # of cells

A

Limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hormone receptors are found ___________________ or ____________.

A

Exposed on the surface of a cell; within a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the major endocrine glands? (There are 10)

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary gland
  3. Pineal gland
  4. Thyroid
  5. Parathyroid
  6. Adrenal gland
  7. Pancreas
  8. Testes
  9. Ovaries
  10. Placenta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are 4 body tissues that double as endocrine glands?

A
  1. Gastrointestinal tract
  2. Placenta
  3. Kidneys
  4. Heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does negative feedback control endocrine activity? Is it common or rare?

A

Final hormone inhibits the release of the hormone which initiated the cascade of hormones.
Common.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does positive feedback control endocrine activity? Is it common or rare?

A

Feedback loops are used to regulate the secretion of hormones in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Axis.
Rare.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an example of negative feedback in endocrine activity?

A

Thyroid hormone inhibits the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an example of positive feedback in endocrine activity?

A

Oxytocin released during labor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

An increase in the # of receptors is called ________.

A

Up-regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A decrease in the # of receptors is called __________.

A

Down-regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The more receptors a hormone binds to, the _________ the response.

A

Greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between hormones and prostaglandins?

A

Hormones are produced in glands and affect organs all over the body; Prostaglandins are produced in tissues and affect neighboring cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of hormones to control physiology, instead of the nervous system?

A

Advantages:

  • Hormones circulate throughout the body (not specific to one area)
  • Hormones have a lasting effect (days or longer)

Disadvantages:
-Hormones take longer to have an effect (have to circulate through blood first, then bind to hormone receptor on target cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What household chemical mediates the effects of prostaglandin blood clot formation?

A

Aspirin (blocks the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which produces prostaglandins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What biological macromolecule gives rise to steroid hormones?

A

Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What biological macromolecule gives rise to non-steroid hormones?

A

Protein (Polypeptides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What kind of receptors do steroid hormones bind to?

A

Steroid hormones bind to transcriptional factors inside the cell membrane (in the cytoplasm or the nucleus). The hormone-receptor complex binds to promoter regions, which turns on transcription of a specific genes + changes physiology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

3 domains of non-steroid hormone receptors:

A
  • Extracellular domain (in ECF)
  • Transmembrane domain (hydrophobic stretches of amino acids–stay with fatty acid tails inside the phospholipid bilayer)
  • Intracellular domain (in ICF)
21
Q

Hormones are secreted in a _______ fashion. What is an example of this?

A

Pulsatile.

Ex: Luteinizing hormone is secreted in pulses during ovulation

22
Q

How are hormonal secretions of the Hypothalamic/Pituitary Axis controlled?

A

Negative Feedback:
-Common
-final hormone inhibits the release of the hormone which initiated the cascade of hormones
Ex: thyroid hormone inhibits TRH and TSH

Positive Feedback:
-Rare
-feedback loops regulate secretion of hormones
Ex: oxytocin released during labor by posterior pituitary gland to increase rate of contraction

23
Q

How does the body reduce the metabolic effect of a hormone?

A

Through down-regulation (decreasing the # of receptors to decrease the effect of a hormone)

24
Q

Hormones alter _________ processes.

A

Metabolic

25
Q

What two hormones work together in providing milk for an infant?

A

Prolactin (produces milk due to suckling) - secreted by Anterior Pituitary
Oxytocin (ejects milk due to suckling) - secreted by Posterior Pituitary

26
Q

What two hormones control blood Ca++ ion concentration? Which increases Ca++ levels, and which decreases Ca++ levels?

A

Calcitonin (secreted by extrafollicular thyroid cells)
- decreases blood Ca++ levels
Parathyroid (secreted by parathyroid glands)
+ increases blood Ca++ levels

27
Q

What two hormones control blood sugar concentration? What organ are they secreted by, and by what types of cells?

A

Glucagon (secreted by Alpha cells in pancreas)
+ raises blood sugar
–> breaks down glycogen in liver into glucose

Insulin (secreted by Beta cells in pancreas)

  • lowers blood sugar
  • –> stimulate the synthesis of glycogen to store glucose in liver
  • –> increases cell permeability to glucose
28
Q

What hormone is produced by the follicular cells in the thyroid? Where are they stored?

A

Thyroxine (T4) is stored in colloid inside thyroid follicles

29
Q

What elemental atom is represent by the 3 and 4 in T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine)?

A

Iodine (which binds with Tyrosine protein)

30
Q

What physiological effect does T3 hormone produce?

A

Increases metabolism by using ATP (which increases heat production)

31
Q

What hormones are produced by the the extrafollicular thyroid cells?

A

Calcitonin

32
Q

What other endocrine gland is embedded in the thyroid?

A

Parathyroid gland

33
Q

What hormone has the effect of producing cellular growth? Where is it secreted?

A

Growth hormone (GH) - secreted by the anterior pituitary

34
Q

What hormone inhibits the production of growth hormone (GH)? Where is it secreted?

A

Somatostatin (Growth hormone - inhibiting hormone / GHIH) - secreted by the pancreas by Delta cells

35
Q

What two hormones affect kidney tubules? Where are they secreted?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone - secreted by the posterior pituitary
–> causes water retention in kidneys in response to dehydration

Aldosterone (a Mineralcorticoid) - secreted by the Adrenal Cortex

  • –> causes reabsorption of Na+ and H2O
  • —> increased secretion of K+
36
Q

What are the three categories of hormones produced by the Adrenal Cortex? Give an example of each.

A
  1. Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)
  2. Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
  3. Gonadocorticoids (Testosterone & Estrogen)
37
Q

What hormones are produced by the Adrenal Medulla? What mechanism causes their secretion?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

- FIGHT OR FLIGHT mechanism causes their secretion

38
Q

What are some effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased metabolism
  • Lipolysis (fat burning)
  • Dilation of pupils
  • Inhibition of non-essential processes (digestion)
39
Q

What three hormones are produced by the pancreas? What cell type produces each?

A
  1. Glucagon (Alpha cells)
  2. Insulin (Beta cells)
  3. Somatostatin (Delta cells)
40
Q

What endocrine glands / organs produces testosterone and estrogen?

A

Testes & Ovaries

41
Q

What hormone is secreted in response to long term stress? Where is it secreted?

A

Cortisol (Glucocorticoid) - secreted by Adrenal Cortex

42
Q

What endocrine gland controls diurnal / circadian rhythm? What sensory information does it use and what hormone does it produce?

A

Pineal gland; uses retina to indicate light/dark exposure; secretes melatonin hormone

43
Q

When is melatonin serum concentration the highest?

A

Nighttime (during darkness)

44
Q

When is melatonin serum concentration the lowest?

A

Daylight

45
Q

What endocrine gland is only needed during childhood? What hormone does it produce?

A

Thymus gland; produces thymosin

46
Q

What does thymosin do?

A

matures parts of the immune system (turns immature T-cells into mature T-cells)

47
Q

What two location produce progesterone?

A

Placenta and Corpus luteum in ovary

48
Q

Where are atrial natriuretic peptides produced?

A

Heart

49
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced?

A

Kidneys

Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions