Chapter 24 Transition elements Flashcards

1
Q

Define transition element

A

A d-block element which forms one or more stable ions with incomplete d orbitals.

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2
Q

State the 4 properties of transition elements

A

1) They have variable oxidation states.
2) They behave as catalysts.
3) They form complex ions.
4) They form coloured compounds.

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3
Q

Why do transition elements have variable oxidation states?

A

3d and 4s sub-shells have similar energy.

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4
Q

Why do transition elements act as catalysts?

A

They have more than one stable oxidation state, have vacant d orbitals that are energetically accessible, and can form dative bonds with ligands.

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5
Q

Why do transition elements form complex ions?

A

They have vacant d orbitals that are energetically accessible.

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6
Q

Define complex ion

A

A molecule or ion formed by a central metal atom/ion surrounded by one or more ligands.

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7
Q

Define ligand

A

A species that contains a lone pair of electrons that forms a dative covalent bond to a central metal atom/ion.

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8
Q

Define monodentate ligand

A

A molecule or ion that donates one lone pair and forms one dative bond with a central metal atom/ion.

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9
Q

Define bidentate ligand

A

A molecule or ion that donates two lone pairs and forms 2 dative bonds with a central metal atom/ion.

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10
Q

Define polydentate ligand

A

A molecule or ion that donates more than two lone pairs and forms more than 2 dative bonds with a central metal atom/ion.

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11
Q

5 examples of monodentate ligands

A

H20, OH-, NH3, Cl-, CN-.

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12
Q

2 examples of bidentate ligands

A

C2O4 -2, ethanedioate ion (Oxalate ion/Oxy) AND 1,2-diaminoethane (en).

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13
Q

Example of polydentate ligand

A

EDTA 4- (Hexadentate)

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14
Q

Define coordination number

A

The number of dative covalent bonds the central metal atom/ion makes.

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15
Q

Cu²⁺ (aq) + NaOH (aq) reaction

A

[Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺(aq) + 2OH-(aq) —> Cu(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ + 2H₂O(l)

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16
Q

Cu²⁺(aq) + excess NH₃(aq) reaction

A

Cu(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ + 4NH₃(aq) —> [Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + 2H₂O(l)

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17
Q

Cu²⁺(aq) + Cl-(aq) reaction

A

[Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) ⇌ [CuCl₄]²⁻(aq) + 6H₂O(l)

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18
Q

Co²⁺ (aq) + NaOH (aq) reaction

A

[Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺(aq) + 2OH-(aq) —> Co(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ + 2H₂O(l)

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19
Q

Co²⁺ (aq) + excess NH₃(aq) reaction

A

[Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺(aq) + 6NH₃(aq) —> [Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺(aq) + 6H₂O(l)

20
Q

Co²⁺(aq) + Cl-(aq) reaction

A

[Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) —> [CoCl₄]²⁻(aq) + 6H₂O(l)

21
Q

[Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺(aq) colour

A

Blue solution

22
A

Pale blue precipitate

23
Q

[Cu(NH₃)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁺(aq) colour

A

Dark blue solution

24
Q

[CuCl₄]²⁻(aq) colour

A

Yellow solution, but when formed at dynamic equilibria the observation is green (blue+yellow).

25
Q

[Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺(aq) colour

A

Pink solution

26
A

Pale blue precipitate

27
Q

[Co(NH₃)₆]²⁺(aq) colour

A

Brown solution

28
Q

[CoCl₄]²⁻(aq) colour

A

Blue solution

29
Q

Shape and bond angle of complex ion with 2 dative covalent bonds?

A

Linear 180 degrees.

30
Q

Shapes and bond angles of complex ion with 4 dative covalent bonds?

A

Tetrahedral 109.5 degrees OR Square planar 90 degrees.

31
Q

Shape and bond angle of complex ion with 6 dative covalent bonds?

A

Octahedral 90 degrees

32
Q

Shape of [CuCl₄]²⁻(aq)?

A

Tetrahedral.

33
Q

Shape of Cu(OH)₂(H₂O)₄ and [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺(aq)?

A

Octahedral

34
Q

Shape of cis-platin/trans-platin?

A

Square planar

35
Q

Shape of [Ni(CN)₄]²⁻(aq)?

A

Square planar

36
Q

Requirements for geometrical (cis-trans) isomerism in complex ions

A

1) Coordination number 4 square planar shape, with 2 different types of ligands.
2) Coordination number 6 octahedral shape, with 2 different types of ligands.

37
Q

Requirements for Optical isomerism in complex ions

A

Coordination number 6 octahedral shape, with either
1) All ligands are bidentate.
2) 2 bidentates + 2 monodentates.
3) All 6 are different types of monodentates.

38
Q

Define degenerate orbitals

A

There are five d orbitals in an isolated transition element atom or ion. An isolated transition element is one that is not bonded to anything else. These d orbitals are all at the same energy level (they are equal in energy) and are therefore said to be degenerate orbitals.

39
Q

Define non-degenerate orbitals

A

The dative bonding from the ligands causes the five d orbitals to split into two sets. These two sets are not equal in energy and are described as being non-degenerate orbitals.

40
Q

Splitting of 3d orbitals in an octahedral complex

A

The 3dx2-y2 and 3dz2 non-degenerate orbitals are slightly higher in energy than the 3dyz, 3dxz and 3dxy non-degenerate orbitals

41
Q

Splitting of 3d orbitals in a tetrahedral complex

A

The 3dyz, 3dxz and 3dxy non-degenerate orbitals are slightly higher in energy than the 3dx2-y2 and 3dz2 non-degenerate orbitals

42
Q

Why do complex ions have colours?

A

Transition element complexes absorb the frequency of light which corresponds to the exact energy difference (ΔE) between their non-degenerate d orbitals.

The electron uses the energy from the light to jump into a higher, non-degenerate energy level.

This is also called electron promotionThe frequencies of light which are not absorbed combine to make the complementary colour of the complex.

43
Q

Why do different complex ions have different colours?

A

ΔE between their non-degenerate d orbitals differs. So, the light frequency absorbed differs, giving off 2 different colours.

44
Q

Define Kstab

A

The equilibrium constant for the formation of the
complex ion in a solvent from its constituent ions or molecules.

45
Q

If Kstab is larger, that means the complex ion is…

A

More stable and the reaction will happen and the complex ion will be formed.