Alcohols (CnH2n+2O_CnH2n+1OH)

Question 1

Name all 8 methods of alcohol production.

Answer 1

1.Hydration of alkenes.
2.Oxidation of alkenes with cold dilute acidified KMnO4(VII).
3.Nucleophilic substitution of Halogenoalkanes with aqueous OH- ion.
4.Nucleophilic substitution of Halogenoalkanes with water (hydrolysis).
5.Reduction of aldehydes.
6.Reduction of ketones.
7.Reduction of carboxylic acids.
8.Hydrolysis of esters.

Question 2

Name all 5 reactions of alcohols.

Answer 2

1.Oxidation.
2.Dehydration.
3.Nucleophilic substitutions to form halogenoalkanes.
4.Esterification.
5.Alcohol+Metal—>MetalAlkoxide+H2.

Question 3

Hydration of alkenes. EXAMPLE AND CONDITIONS.

Answer 3

Ethene+Steam—>Ethanol.
Conditions= 330°C/60ATM and concentrated H3PO4 catalyst.

Question 4

Oxidation of alkenes with cold dilute acidified KMnO4(VII). EXAMPLE AND CONDITIONS.

Answer 4

Ethene+[O]—>Ethane-1,2-diol.
Conditions= Cold dilute H+/KMnO4(VII).

Question 5

Nucleophilic substitution of Halogenoalkanes with aqueous OH- ion. EXAMPLE AND CONDITIONS.

Answer 5

Chloroethane+NaOH(aq)—>Ethanol+NaClO.
Conditions= Heat.

Question 6

Nucleophilic substitution of Halogenoalkanes with water (hydrolysis). EXAMPLE AND CONDITIONS.

Answer 6

Chloroethane+H2O—>Ethanol+HCL.
Conditions= Heat and reflux with drops of acid or alkali.

Question 7

Reduction of aldehydes to primary alcohols. EXAMPLE AND CONDITIONS.

Answer 7

Propanal+2[H]—>Propanol.
Conditions= NaBH4(aq) or LiAlH4(ether).

Question 8

Reduction of ketones to secondary alcohols. EXAMPLE AND CONDITIONS.

Answer 8

Propanone+2[H]—>Propan-2-ol.
Conditions= NaBH4(aq) or LiAlH4(ether).

Question 9

Reduction of carboxylic acids to primary alcohols. EXAMPLE AND CONDITIONS.

Answer 9

Ethanoic acid+4[H]—>Ethanol+H2O.
Conditions= LiAlH4(ether).

Question 10

Hydrolysis of esters (with drops of acid vs with drops of alkali).

Answer 10

with drops of acid… just alcohols and carboxylic acids will form.
with drops of alkali…alcohols will form and carboxylic acids will form and react with alkali to form metal carboxylate salts and water.

Question 11

Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes. EXAMPLE AND CONDITIONS.

Answer 11

Ethanol+[O]—>Ethanal+H2O. Reflux and distill.
Conditions= H+/K2Cr2O7(VI) or H+/KMnO4(VII), reflux and distill to remove ethanal.

Question 12

Oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids. EXAMPLE AND CONDITIONS.

Answer 12

Ethanol+[O]—>Ethanoic acid+H2O. Reflux only.
Conditions= H+/K2Cr2O7(VI) or H+/KMnO4(VII), reflux for over 1 hour.

Question 13

Oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones. EXAMPLE AND CONDITIONS.

Answer 13

Propan-2-ol+[O]—>Propanone+H2O.
Conditions= H+/K2Cr2O7(VI) or H+/KMnO4(VII), reflux.

Question 14

Dehydration of alcohols. EXAMPLE AND CONDITIONS.

Answer 14

Ethanol—>Ethene+H2O.
Conditions= Hot Al2O3/Hot pumice.

Question 15

Esterification reaction (type=condensation reaction). EXAMPLE AND CONIDTIONS.

Answer 15

Ethanol+Ethanoic acid⇌Ethyl ethanoate+H2O.
Conditions= Heat and concentrated H2SO4 and reflux.

Question 16

Metal + alcohol reaction. EXAMPLE.

Answer 16

Na+Ethanol—>Na(CH3CH2O)+H2.
(Sodium ethoxide will form with H2)

Question 17

Test for distinguish between Alcohol and Carboxylic acid.

Answer 17

Alcohol+Alkali—>WONT HAPPEN.
Alcohol+Metal carbonate—>WONT HAPPEN.
Carboxylic acid+Alkali—>Metal carboxylate salt+H2O.
Carboxylic acid+Metal carbonate—>Metal carboxylate salt+CO2+H2O.