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Biological Systems > Chapter 24 The Plant Body > Flashcards

Chapter 24 The Plant Body Flashcards

1
Q

What are plant’s vegetative organs?

A

Root system

Shoot system - leaves and stems

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2
Q

What is the role of the root system?

A

Anchors plant
Absorbs water and nutrients
Stores photosyntehtic products
Branching increases surface area

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3
Q

What are the main clades of angiosperms

A

Monocots - narrow leaves

Eudicots - broad leaves

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4
Q

What are the 4 processes that govern development of all organisms?

A

Determination (commitment)
Differentiation (specialization)
Morphogenesis (organization)
Growth (increase in body size)

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5
Q

What properties influence plant development

A

Meristems
Cell walls
Totipotency of most cells

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6
Q

What is the purpose fo meristems?

A

They can produce new roots, stems, leaves and flowers though the plant’s life - alowing continuing growth

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7
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Rigid extracellular matrix - cells cannot move as animal cells do during development

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8
Q

How does plant morphogenesis occur?

A

Through changes in plane of cell division at cytokinesis, which changes the direction of tissue growth
- Cytokinesis can be uneven, location of cell plate is determined during interphase

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9
Q

Most plant cells are totipotent or pluripotent, what does this mean?

A

Totipotent - can differentiate into any kind of cell

Pluripotent - can differentiate into a few different types of cells

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10
Q

What are the 2 growth patterns extablished in the embryo?

A

Apical-basal axis - arrangement of cells and tissues along the main axis

Radial axis - concentric arrangement

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11
Q

What sets up the apical-basal axis?

A

The first division of the zygote is uneven

  • small cell becomes embryo
  • Large cell becomes supporting structure
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12
Q

Define tissue

A

organized group of cells with similar features that work together as astructural and functional unit

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13
Q

Where do the shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem form?

A

Shoot - between cotyledons that grow in the heart stage

Roots - other end of embryo to shoot apical meristem

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14
Q

What are the 3 tissue systems in all vascular plants?

A

Dermal, Vascular and ground

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15
Q

What does the dermal tissue system form?

A

Epidermis

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16
Q

What do some epidermal cells diferentiate into?

A

Stomata
Trichomes (leaf hairs)
Root hairs

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17
Q

What do leaf hairs do?

A

Trichomes protect from herbivores and damaging solar radiation

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18
Q

Aboveground epidermal cells secrete waxy cuticle for:

A

Limiting water loss
Reflecting solar radiation
Barrier against pathogens

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19
Q

Where is the ground Tissue system

A

Between dermal and vascular tissue

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20
Q

What are the three ground tissue cell types?

A

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

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21
Q

What do parenchyma cells form and do?

A

large vacuoles with thin cell walls
- Photsynthesize
Store progeins and starch

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22
Q

Which of the 3 ground tissue cells is most common

A

Parenchyma

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23
Q

What are the features of collenchyma cells?

A

Elongate
Thick cell walls
Provide support

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24
Q

What are the features of sclerenchyma cells

A

Very thich walls, reinforced with lignin

undergo apoptosis, cell wall remains to provide support

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25
What are the two types of Sclerenchyma cells?
Fibers - elongated and provide rigid support | Sclerids - various shapes, may pack together densely
26
What are the two main parts of the vascular tissue system
Xylem and Phloem
27
What doe Xylem do?
carries water and minerals from roots to the rest of the plant
28
What are the two cell types of xylem?
Tracheids - pits in cell walls allow movement of water Vessel elements - form pipeline
29
What is the role of phloem
moves carbohydrates from production sites to where they are used or stored
30
What are the 2 parts of phloem?
Sieve tube elements - meet end to end, form sieve tubes. Lose most of their cellular contents Companion cells - connected to sieve tube elements by plasmodesmata and perform many of phloem's metabolic functions
31
What is indeterminate growth?
open ended process that can be lifelong
32
What is primary growth
Lengthening of shoots and roots | - Produced by apical meristem
33
What produces secondary growth
Lateral meristems | - Occurs in woody eudicots
34
What happens to meristem cells following division
One daughter cell is capable of differentiating | The other retains its undifferentiated phenotype
35
What are the 3 primary meristems produced by apical meristems?
Protoderm Ground meristem Procambium - These give rise to the three tissue systems
36
What is the root cap?
Daughter cells of the root apical meristem form root cap to protect root as it pushed through the soil - Detects gravity and controls downward growth
37
What tissues arise form the root primary meristems?
Protoderm = epidermis Ground meristem = cortex (with parenchyma cells) and endodermis Precambrium - vascular cylinder (stele) made of pericycle, xylem and phloem
38
What are the functions of pericycle?
Give rise to lateral roots Give rise to lateral meristems Export nutrient ions into xylem by membrane transport proteins
39
How are the root systems of eudicots and monocots different?
Eudicots - radicle develops into taproot that extends downwards and initiates lateral roots Monocots - fibrous root system. Roots are equal in diameter (adventitious roots)
40
What are adventitious roots?
arise from stem tissues above initial root
41
What do leaves arise from?
bulges called leaf primordia
42
What does the shoot apical peristem do?
repetitively lays down the beginning of leaves and axillary buds
43
What are the producs of Shoot primary meristems?
Protoderm = epidermis Ground meristem = shoot cortex Procambium = vascular system
44
What type of growth do leaves display
Determinate
45
What is the structure that attaches leaves to the stem and what are its other functions?
Petiole | - allows leaves to ajust orientation
46
What are the functions of leaves?
Cary out photosynthesis Exchange O2 and CO2 with the environment Limit evaporative water loss Export products of photosynthesis to the rest of the plant
47
What is mesophyll
the zones of photosynthetic parenchyma in leaves | - Spongy mesophyl has air spaces to allow CO2 to diffuse to photosynthetic cells
48
What are prop roots?
Adventitious roots that help support the shoot
49
What are some examples of stem modifications?
- potato tubers are underground stems - many desert plants have enlarged stems that store water - Strawberry horizontal plant runners
50
What are some important leaf modifications/
Nutrient storage Water storage Protection Tendrils that wrap around structures to support climbing plants
51
What are the 2 lateral meristems that are important for secondary growth?
Vascular cambium - produces secondary xylem and phloem | Corc cambium - produces waxy-walled protective cells. Some become outer bark
52
What causes a stem to increase in diameter?
Vascular cambium divides - produces secondary xylem cells towards inside and secondary phloem towards outside
53
Where does cork cambium come from?
Some secondary phloem divides
54
What are the properties of cork
Thick walls and waterproof suberin
55
What makes up the periderm
Cork and cork cambium
56
What constitutes bark?
Periderm and secondary phloem | - All tissues external to cambium
57
What does wood look like during summer?
Thick-walled, narow cells | Wood is therefore darker and denser
58
How do Tracheids or vessel elements appear in spring?
large in diameter and thin walled
59
What clade of angiosperms do not have secondary growth?
Monocots | - Though some (palms) do have thickened stems
60
How do Palms have thickened stems withpout secondary growth?
They have a wide apical meristem and dead leaf bases add to the diameter of the stem
61
What is Teosinte?
Wild form of corn | - Teosinte is highly banched whereas corn has a single shoot
62
What are some crops that have come from wild mustard?
kale, broccoli, brussels sprouts and cabbage

Biological Systems (20 decks)

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