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Biological Systems > Chapter 24 The Plant Body > Flashcards

Chapter 24 The Plant Body Flashcards

1
Q

What are plant’s vegetative organs?

A

Root system

Shoot system - leaves and stems

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2
Q

What is the role of the root system?

A

Anchors plant
Absorbs water and nutrients
Stores photosyntehtic products
Branching increases surface area

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3
Q

What are the main clades of angiosperms

A

Monocots - narrow leaves

Eudicots - broad leaves

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4
Q

What are the 4 processes that govern development of all organisms?

A

Determination (commitment)
Differentiation (specialization)
Morphogenesis (organization)
Growth (increase in body size)

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5
Q

What properties influence plant development

A

Meristems
Cell walls
Totipotency of most cells

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6
Q

What is the purpose fo meristems?

A

They can produce new roots, stems, leaves and flowers though the plant’s life - alowing continuing growth

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7
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Rigid extracellular matrix - cells cannot move as animal cells do during development

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8
Q

How does plant morphogenesis occur?

A

Through changes in plane of cell division at cytokinesis, which changes the direction of tissue growth
- Cytokinesis can be uneven, location of cell plate is determined during interphase

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9
Q

Most plant cells are totipotent or pluripotent, what does this mean?

A

Totipotent - can differentiate into any kind of cell

Pluripotent - can differentiate into a few different types of cells

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10
Q

What are the 2 growth patterns extablished in the embryo?

A

Apical-basal axis - arrangement of cells and tissues along the main axis

Radial axis - concentric arrangement

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11
Q

What sets up the apical-basal axis?

A

The first division of the zygote is uneven

  • small cell becomes embryo
  • Large cell becomes supporting structure
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12
Q

Define tissue

A

organized group of cells with similar features that work together as astructural and functional unit

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13
Q

Where do the shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem form?

A

Shoot - between cotyledons that grow in the heart stage

Roots - other end of embryo to shoot apical meristem

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14
Q

What are the 3 tissue systems in all vascular plants?

A

Dermal, Vascular and ground

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15
Q

What does the dermal tissue system form?

A

Epidermis

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16
Q

What do some epidermal cells diferentiate into?

A

Stomata
Trichomes (leaf hairs)
Root hairs

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17
Q

What do leaf hairs do?

A

Trichomes protect from herbivores and damaging solar radiation

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18
Q

Aboveground epidermal cells secrete waxy cuticle for:

A

Limiting water loss
Reflecting solar radiation
Barrier against pathogens

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19
Q

Where is the ground Tissue system

A

Between dermal and vascular tissue

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20
Q

What are the three ground tissue cell types?

A

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

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21
Q

What do parenchyma cells form and do?

A

large vacuoles with thin cell walls
- Photsynthesize
Store progeins and starch

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22
Q

Which of the 3 ground tissue cells is most common

A

Parenchyma

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23
Q

What are the features of collenchyma cells?

A

Elongate
Thick cell walls
Provide support

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24
Q

What are the features of sclerenchyma cells

A

Very thich walls, reinforced with lignin

undergo apoptosis, cell wall remains to provide support

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25
Q

What are the two types of Sclerenchyma cells?

A

Fibers - elongated and provide rigid support

Sclerids - various shapes, may pack together densely

26
Q

What are the two main parts of the vascular tissue system

A

Xylem and Phloem

27
Q

What doe Xylem do?

A

carries water and minerals from roots to the rest of the plant

28
Q

What are the two cell types of xylem?

A

Tracheids - pits in cell walls allow movement of water

Vessel elements - form pipeline

29
Q

What is the role of phloem

A

moves carbohydrates from production sites to where they are used or stored

30
Q

What are the 2 parts of phloem?

A

Sieve tube elements - meet end to end, form sieve tubes. Lose most of their cellular contents

Companion cells - connected to sieve tube elements by plasmodesmata and perform many of phloem’s metabolic functions

31
Q

What is indeterminate growth?

A

open ended process that can be lifelong

32
Q

What is primary growth

A

Lengthening of shoots and roots

- Produced by apical meristem

33
Q

What produces secondary growth

A

Lateral meristems

- Occurs in woody eudicots

34
Q

What happens to meristem cells following division

A

One daughter cell is capable of differentiating

The other retains its undifferentiated phenotype

35
Q

What are the 3 primary meristems produced by apical meristems?

A

Protoderm
Ground meristem
Procambium

  • These give rise to the three tissue systems
36
Q

What is the root cap?

A

Daughter cells of the root apical meristem form root cap to protect root as it pushed through the soil
- Detects gravity and controls downward growth

37
Q

What tissues arise form the root primary meristems?

A

Protoderm = epidermis
Ground meristem = cortex (with parenchyma cells) and endodermis
Precambrium - vascular cylinder (stele) made of pericycle, xylem and phloem

38
Q

What are the functions of pericycle?

A

Give rise to lateral roots
Give rise to lateral meristems
Export nutrient ions into xylem by membrane transport proteins

39
Q

How are the root systems of eudicots and monocots different?

A

Eudicots - radicle develops into taproot that extends downwards and initiates lateral roots

Monocots - fibrous root system. Roots are equal in diameter (adventitious roots)

40
Q

What are adventitious roots?

A

arise from stem tissues above initial root

41
Q

What do leaves arise from?

A

bulges called leaf primordia

42
Q

What does the shoot apical peristem do?

A

repetitively lays down the beginning of leaves and axillary buds

43
Q

What are the producs of Shoot primary meristems?

A

Protoderm = epidermis
Ground meristem = shoot cortex
Procambium = vascular system

44
Q

What type of growth do leaves display

A

Determinate

45
Q

What is the structure that attaches leaves to the stem and what are its other functions?

A

Petiole

- allows leaves to ajust orientation

46
Q

What are the functions of leaves?

A

Cary out photosynthesis
Exchange O2 and CO2 with the environment
Limit evaporative water loss
Export products of photosynthesis to the rest of the plant

47
Q

What is mesophyll

A

the zones of photosynthetic parenchyma in leaves

- Spongy mesophyl has air spaces to allow CO2 to diffuse to photosynthetic cells

48
Q

What are prop roots?

A

Adventitious roots that help support the shoot

49
Q

What are some examples of stem modifications?

A
  • potato tubers are underground stems
  • many desert plants have enlarged stems that store water
  • Strawberry horizontal plant runners
50
Q

What are some important leaf modifications/

A

Nutrient storage
Water storage
Protection
Tendrils that wrap around structures to support climbing plants

51
Q

What are the 2 lateral meristems that are important for secondary growth?

A

Vascular cambium - produces secondary xylem and phloem

Corc cambium - produces waxy-walled protective cells. Some become outer bark

52
Q

What causes a stem to increase in diameter?

A

Vascular cambium divides - produces secondary xylem cells towards inside and secondary phloem towards outside

53
Q

Where does cork cambium come from?

A

Some secondary phloem divides

54
Q

What are the properties of cork

A

Thick walls and waterproof suberin

55
Q

What makes up the periderm

A

Cork and cork cambium

56
Q

What constitutes bark?

A

Periderm and secondary phloem

- All tissues external to cambium

57
Q

What does wood look like during summer?

A

Thick-walled, narow cells

Wood is therefore darker and denser

58
Q

How do Tracheids or vessel elements appear in spring?

A

large in diameter and thin walled

59
Q

What clade of angiosperms do not have secondary growth?

A

Monocots

- Though some (palms) do have thickened stems

60
Q

How do Palms have thickened stems withpout secondary growth?

A

They have a wide apical meristem and dead leaf bases add to the diameter of the stem

61
Q

What is Teosinte?

A

Wild form of corn

- Teosinte is highly banched whereas corn has a single shoot

62
Q

What are some crops that have come from wild mustard?

A

kale, broccoli, brussels sprouts and cabbage

Biological Systems (20 decks)

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