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Biological Systems > Chapter 22 Fungi Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Fungi Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi live by absorptive hetertrophy - what is this?

A
  • Digestive enzymes are secreted outside of their body to break down large food molecules in the environment
  • Small molecules then absorbed into cells
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2
Q

What is the role of saprobes

A

absorb nutrients from dead or organic matter

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3
Q

WHat are the 3 types of fungi according to where they get their food

A

Saprobes
Parasites
Mutualistic

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4
Q

Who do fungi share a common ancestor with?

A

choanoflagellates and animals

  • Together make opisthokonts
  • Synapomorphy is posterior flagella
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5
Q

What is an example of a unicellular fungi

A

yeast

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6
Q

What are the features of multicellular fungi?

A

Body is mycelium (mass of individual tubular filaments called hyphae)
- Cell walls strengthened by polysaccharide chitin

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7
Q

What are septate hyphae

A

Hyphae that are subdivided by incomplete crosswalls called septa
Allows organelles to move between compartments

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8
Q

What is coenocyic

A

Fungi with no septa but many nuclei (mitosis without cytokinesis)

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9
Q

What is mycelia

A

Vegetative part of fungi

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10
Q

What are mushrooms

A

Spore-producing fruiting structures

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11
Q

What are rhizoids?

A

modified hyphae that anchor some fungi to substrates

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12
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of large Surface area- to - volume ratio in fungi?

A

good for absorptive heterotropy

They dry out rapidly (why they are common in moist areas)

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13
Q

Why are fungi important to ecosystem function?

A

Decompose dead organsisms and wastes and recycle mineral nutrients

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14
Q

What are the major decomposers on earth

A

Saprobic fungi and bacteria

Fungi decompose - cellulose and ligning and keratin

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15
Q

Why is the decline of saprobic fungi in the carboniferous period significant

A

Because instead of being broken down, dead plants in tropical swamps developed into pean and eventually coal deposits.

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16
Q

How do fungi populations survive scarce food supply

A

Spores can be dispersed to suitable conditions or remain dormant until conditions improve

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17
Q

What are 2 types of parasitic fungi

A

Facultative parasites - can grow on living organisms or independently
Obligate parasites - can only grown on specific living host

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18
Q

What are common hosts to parasitic fungi?

A

plants and insects

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19
Q

How do hyphae facilitate nutrient absorption from plants

A

Can enter through stomata or by direct penetration of epidermal cell walls
- Some produce haustoria (branching projections that push through cell walls into cell membrane and absorb nutrients)

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20
Q

What is the decline of amphibian species in mny areas of the world attributed to?

A

Chydtrid fungus Batrachochytrium Dendrobaatidis (Bd)

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21
Q

What is the most important plant pathogen

A

Fungi

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22
Q

How do fungi benefit crops?

A

Fusarium kills some weed species (e.g. withchweed)

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23
Q

How do predatory fungi work>

A

Some trap microscopic protists or animals

  • secrete sticky substances and hyphae groww quickly into trapped prey
  • Some soil fungi form a ring that nematodes enter then the cells of the ring swell and trap the nematode
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24
Q

What are symbiotic and mutualistic relationships?

A

Symbiotic - partners live in close, permanent contacy with each other
Mutualistic - relationship benefits both partners

25
What are lichens
Associations of fungus with unicellular green alga, a cyanobacteria or both (photosynthetic cells) - species named from fungus Mutualistic relationship
26
How do fungi and photosynthetic cells in lichen benefit each other?
Fungal hyphae of lichen absorb mineral nutrients and provide moist environment for photosynthetic cells - Algal cells grow faster on their own, but cannot survive on their own in environments where lichen are found - Fungi receive fixed carbon
27
How do lichen reproduce?
- By fragmentation of vegetative body (thallus) - Sordelia (one or a few photosynthetic cells surrounded by hyphae) that disperse on air currents - Fungal partners may undergo sexual reproduction but spores disperse without photosynthetic partner
28
What are Mycorrhizae?
associations of fungi and plant roots | Fungi increases absorptive surface area for plant
29
What is ectomycorrhizae
When the fungus wraps around individual cells in the root but does not penetrate the cells - Extensive web of hyphae penetrate soil around the root - Increases Surface Area
30
What are Arbuscular mycorrhiae
penetrate root cell walls - forming arbuscular structures (treelike) inside the cell wall but outside the cell membrane
31
What do mycorrhizae fungi provide plants? What does the plant provide?
Plant provides sugars and amino cids Mycorrhizae provide some growth hormones, protects roots from pathogenic organisms and increases surface area for absorption of water and mineral nutrients
32
What type of plants always have mycorrhizae
plants that lack chlorophyll - share mycorrhizae with roots of green photosynthetic plants
33
What are endophytic fungi?
fungi that live in abovegound parts of plants but do not harm plants - produce alkaloid components that are toxic to animals (protects plant from herbivore and pathogens)
34
What are the forms of fungal asexual reproduction
- haploid spores produce in sporangia - Haploid spores (conidia) form at tips of hyphae - cell division or budding by yeasts - simple breaking of mycelium
35
How do mating types and male/female types affect fungi sexual reproduction?
No distinction between male/female Same mating types cannot mate with each other
36
What are the features of Mcirospiridia
- Unicellulare, obligate intracellular parasites of animals - no true mitochondria, have mitosomes derived from mitochondria * reduced parasitic fungi
37
How do microsporidia infect animals
Polar tube grows from spore and contents of spore are injected into the host cell - most infections cause chronic diseases
38
What are the features of Chytrids
Aquatic Flagella (spores and gametes) Sexual and asexual reproduction (some have alterntion of generations) Parasitic or Saprobic, some have mutualistic relationships with foregut fermenters
39
When does sexual reproduction of zygospore fungi occur?
When adjacent hyphae of different mating types release chemical signals and grow towards each other - Fusion of gametangia = zygosporangium - Fusion of haploid nuclei = diploid nucelei (one becomes zygospore)
40
What are the 6 main types of fungi
- Chytrids - Microsporidia - Zygospore fungi - Arbuscular mycorrhizal - Sac fungi - Cup Fungi
41
What is the lifecycle of zygospore nuclei
Undergoes meiosis Stalked sporangiophore sprouds - bearing haploid spores Spores disperse to form new haploid generation
42
What are the featurs of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi?
- Symbiotic mutualistic relationship with 80-90% of all platns - Coenocytic hyphae - Use glucose from plant partners as primary energy source - Asexual reproduction only
43
What is the dikaryon life stage?
Result of plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm) 2 genetically different haploid nuceli within each cell Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei) occurs later to produce zygotes No gamete cells - only gamete nucleo
44
What is unique about the gene expression of dikaryotic hyphae
Can have characteristics different to their n or 2n products | - Genes in both nuclei can be expressed
45
Features of Sac Fungi (ascomycota)
many are fungal partners in lichens Hyphae with septa Produce haploid spores (ascospores) in sacs called asci - Asci are a fruiting structure in some plants
46
What type of fungi are unicellular yeasts
Sac fungi
47
What is different about unicellular yeasts to other sac fungi
no dikaryon stage - reproduce by budding and sexual reproduction
48
Features of Cup Fungi
- Ascomata are cup shaped (inner surface produces huge number of spores) - Many are eadible (Morels and truffles)
49
What are truffles
underground ascomata - scent attracts pigs that eat and disperse fungus
50
What is unique about filamentous hyphae in molds?
They do not form large ascomata, but can still produce asci and ascospores
51
Where are most molds found
parasites of flowering platns
52
What are some Aspergillus species of mould used as?
On soybeans to make soy sauce | Used in brewing sake'
53
How do filamentous sac fungi reproduce
Asexually by conidia that form at the tips of specialized hyphae - produce dby millions and can survive for weeks and give molds their characteristic colours
54
What are the fruiting structures of club fungi
Basidiomata
55
What are the common features of club fungi, zygospore fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi and sac fungi?
No motile gametes - liquid water not required for reproduction cytoplasm of different mating types may fuse before nuclei fuse
56
Where do basidia form on mushrooms?
On gills
57
What is Basidium?
cell at tip of specialized hypha in club fungi - site of nuclear fusion and meiosis to form blasiospores
58
How are lichens useful in regards to air polution
Are sensitive to air polution | Can guage pollution around cities nd the effect and can provide a long-term measure over seasons and years
59
What are other functional uses of fungi?
- remediation efforts to clean oil spills or toxic hydrocarbons - breakdown herbicides and pesticides

Biological Systems (20 decks)

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