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Biological Systems > Chapter 22 Fungi Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Fungi Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi live by absorptive hetertrophy - what is this?

A
  • Digestive enzymes are secreted outside of their body to break down large food molecules in the environment
  • Small molecules then absorbed into cells
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2
Q

What is the role of saprobes

A

absorb nutrients from dead or organic matter

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3
Q

WHat are the 3 types of fungi according to where they get their food

A

Saprobes
Parasites
Mutualistic

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4
Q

Who do fungi share a common ancestor with?

A

choanoflagellates and animals

  • Together make opisthokonts
  • Synapomorphy is posterior flagella
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5
Q

What is an example of a unicellular fungi

A

yeast

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6
Q

What are the features of multicellular fungi?

A

Body is mycelium (mass of individual tubular filaments called hyphae)
- Cell walls strengthened by polysaccharide chitin

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7
Q

What are septate hyphae

A

Hyphae that are subdivided by incomplete crosswalls called septa
Allows organelles to move between compartments

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8
Q

What is coenocyic

A

Fungi with no septa but many nuclei (mitosis without cytokinesis)

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9
Q

What is mycelia

A

Vegetative part of fungi

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10
Q

What are mushrooms

A

Spore-producing fruiting structures

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11
Q

What are rhizoids?

A

modified hyphae that anchor some fungi to substrates

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12
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of large Surface area- to - volume ratio in fungi?

A

good for absorptive heterotropy

They dry out rapidly (why they are common in moist areas)

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13
Q

Why are fungi important to ecosystem function?

A

Decompose dead organsisms and wastes and recycle mineral nutrients

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14
Q

What are the major decomposers on earth

A

Saprobic fungi and bacteria

Fungi decompose - cellulose and ligning and keratin

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15
Q

Why is the decline of saprobic fungi in the carboniferous period significant

A

Because instead of being broken down, dead plants in tropical swamps developed into pean and eventually coal deposits.

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16
Q

How do fungi populations survive scarce food supply

A

Spores can be dispersed to suitable conditions or remain dormant until conditions improve

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17
Q

What are 2 types of parasitic fungi

A

Facultative parasites - can grow on living organisms or independently
Obligate parasites - can only grown on specific living host

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18
Q

What are common hosts to parasitic fungi?

A

plants and insects

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19
Q

How do hyphae facilitate nutrient absorption from plants

A

Can enter through stomata or by direct penetration of epidermal cell walls
- Some produce haustoria (branching projections that push through cell walls into cell membrane and absorb nutrients)

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20
Q

What is the decline of amphibian species in mny areas of the world attributed to?

A

Chydtrid fungus Batrachochytrium Dendrobaatidis (Bd)

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21
Q

What is the most important plant pathogen

A

Fungi

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22
Q

How do fungi benefit crops?

A

Fusarium kills some weed species (e.g. withchweed)

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23
Q

How do predatory fungi work>

A

Some trap microscopic protists or animals

  • secrete sticky substances and hyphae groww quickly into trapped prey
  • Some soil fungi form a ring that nematodes enter then the cells of the ring swell and trap the nematode
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24
Q

What are symbiotic and mutualistic relationships?

A

Symbiotic - partners live in close, permanent contacy with each other
Mutualistic - relationship benefits both partners

25
Q

What are lichens

A

Associations of fungus with unicellular green alga, a cyanobacteria or both (photosynthetic cells)
- species named from fungus
Mutualistic relationship

26
Q

How do fungi and photosynthetic cells in lichen benefit each other?

A

Fungal hyphae of lichen absorb mineral nutrients and provide moist environment for photosynthetic cells

  • Algal cells grow faster on their own, but cannot survive on their own in environments where lichen are found
  • Fungi receive fixed carbon
27
Q

How do lichen reproduce?

A
  • By fragmentation of vegetative body (thallus)
  • Sordelia (one or a few photosynthetic cells surrounded by hyphae) that disperse on air currents
  • Fungal partners may undergo sexual reproduction but spores disperse without photosynthetic partner
28
Q

What are Mycorrhizae?

A

associations of fungi and plant roots

Fungi increases absorptive surface area for plant

29
Q

What is ectomycorrhizae

A

When the fungus wraps around individual cells in the root but does not penetrate the cells

  • Extensive web of hyphae penetrate soil around the root
  • Increases Surface Area
30
Q

What are Arbuscular mycorrhiae

A

penetrate root cell walls - forming arbuscular structures (treelike) inside the cell wall but outside the cell membrane

31
Q

What do mycorrhizae fungi provide plants? What does the plant provide?

A

Plant provides sugars and amino cids
Mycorrhizae provide some growth hormones, protects roots from pathogenic organisms and increases surface area for absorption of water and mineral nutrients

32
Q

What type of plants always have mycorrhizae

A

plants that lack chlorophyll - share mycorrhizae with roots of green photosynthetic plants

33
Q

What are endophytic fungi?

A

fungi that live in abovegound parts of plants but do not harm plants
- produce alkaloid components that are toxic to animals (protects plant from herbivore and pathogens)

34
Q

What are the forms of fungal asexual reproduction

A
  • haploid spores produce in sporangia
  • Haploid spores (conidia) form at tips of hyphae
  • cell division or budding by yeasts
  • simple breaking of mycelium
35
Q

How do mating types and male/female types affect fungi sexual reproduction?

A

No distinction between male/female

Same mating types cannot mate with each other

36
Q

What are the features of Mcirospiridia

A
  • Unicellulare, obligate intracellular parasites of animals
  • no true mitochondria, have mitosomes derived from mitochondria
  • reduced parasitic fungi
37
Q

How do microsporidia infect animals

A

Polar tube grows from spore and contents of spore are injected into the host cell
- most infections cause chronic diseases

38
Q

What are the features of Chytrids

A

Aquatic
Flagella (spores and gametes)
Sexual and asexual reproduction (some have alterntion of generations)
Parasitic or Saprobic, some have mutualistic relationships with foregut fermenters

39
Q

When does sexual reproduction of zygospore fungi occur?

A

When adjacent hyphae of different mating types release chemical signals and grow towards each other

  • Fusion of gametangia = zygosporangium
  • Fusion of haploid nuclei = diploid nucelei (one becomes zygospore)
40
Q

What are the 6 main types of fungi

A
  • Chytrids
  • Microsporidia
  • Zygospore fungi
  • Arbuscular mycorrhizal
  • Sac fungi
  • Cup Fungi
41
Q

What is the lifecycle of zygospore nuclei

A

Undergoes meiosis
Stalked sporangiophore sprouds - bearing haploid spores
Spores disperse to form new haploid generation

42
Q

What are the featurs of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi?

A
  • Symbiotic mutualistic relationship with 80-90% of all platns
  • Coenocytic hyphae
  • Use glucose from plant partners as primary energy source
  • Asexual reproduction only
43
Q

What is the dikaryon life stage?

A

Result of plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm)
2 genetically different haploid nuceli within each cell
Karyogamy (fusion of nuclei) occurs later to produce zygotes

No gamete cells - only gamete nucleo

44
Q

What is unique about the gene expression of dikaryotic hyphae

A

Can have characteristics different to their n or 2n products

- Genes in both nuclei can be expressed

45
Q

Features of Sac Fungi (ascomycota)

A

many are fungal partners in lichens
Hyphae with septa
Produce haploid spores (ascospores) in sacs called asci
- Asci are a fruiting structure in some plants

46
Q

What type of fungi are unicellular yeasts

A

Sac fungi

47
Q

What is different about unicellular yeasts to other sac fungi

A

no dikaryon stage - reproduce by budding and sexual reproduction

48
Q

Features of Cup Fungi

A
  • Ascomata are cup shaped (inner surface produces huge number of spores)
  • Many are eadible (Morels and truffles)
49
Q

What are truffles

A

underground ascomata - scent attracts pigs that eat and disperse fungus

50
Q

What is unique about filamentous hyphae in molds?

A

They do not form large ascomata, but can still produce asci and ascospores

51
Q

Where are most molds found

A

parasites of flowering platns

52
Q

What are some Aspergillus species of mould used as?

A

On soybeans to make soy sauce

Used in brewing sake’

53
Q

How do filamentous sac fungi reproduce

A

Asexually by conidia that form at the tips of specialized hyphae - produce dby millions and can survive for weeks and give molds their characteristic colours

54
Q

What are the fruiting structures of club fungi

A

Basidiomata

55
Q

What are the common features of club fungi, zygospore fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi and sac fungi?

A

No motile gametes - liquid water not required for reproduction

cytoplasm of different mating types may fuse before nuclei fuse

56
Q

Where do basidia form on mushrooms?

A

On gills

57
Q

What is Basidium?

A

cell at tip of specialized hypha in club fungi - site of nuclear fusion and meiosis to form blasiospores

58
Q

How are lichens useful in regards to air polution

A

Are sensitive to air polution

Can guage pollution around cities nd the effect and can provide a long-term measure over seasons and years

59
Q

What are other functional uses of fungi?

A
  • remediation efforts to clean oil spills or toxic hydrocarbons
  • breakdown herbicides and pesticides

Biological Systems (20 decks)

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