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Biological Systems > Chapter 21 Evolution of Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Evolution of Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What evolutionary step was vital for plant migration to land?

A

evolution of cholorplasts via Primary endosymbiosis

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2
Q

What was the first clade to branch off after primary endosymbiosis

A

Algae - aquatic plants

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3
Q

What modern plant is thought to be similar to the ancestor of plantae?

A

glaucophytes - thought to be a sister group to the rest of the plantae

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4
Q

What are the properties of red algae?

A

multicellular
have phycoerythrin and clorophyll a
- Most are marine
- Ratio of chlorophyll a to phycoerythrin depends on light intensity (more phycoerythrin in deep water and dim light - appear more red)

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5
Q

What are the three main groups of green algae

A

chlorophytes
coleochateophytes
stoneworts

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6
Q

What pigments do green algae have and how do they store energy

A

chlorophyll a and b

store energy as starch

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7
Q

What is key synarmorphy of land plants?

A

embryo protected by tissues of parent plant

- plants that do this are called embryophytes

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8
Q

How many clades of land plants are there

A

10

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9
Q

What are the 2 main types of land plants, and how many clades are there of each?

A

Vascular (tracheophytes) - 7 clades

Nonvascular - 3 clades

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10
Q

What are tracheophytes?

A

Vascular plants (a clade) that have well developed vasclar systems with fluid conducting cells called tracheids

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11
Q

What adaptations allowed plants to move to land?

A
  • Transport systems for water and nutrients
  • Structural support
  • New ways to disperse gametes and progeny

Had to adapt to dry conditions

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12
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

waxy coat that slows water loss

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13
Q

What are stomata

A

closable openings that regulate gas exchange and water loss

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14
Q

What are gametangia

A

organs that enclose gametes and prevent them from drying out

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15
Q

What is an embryo

A

young plants contained within a protective structrure

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16
Q

What is the purpose of pigments?

A

Capture sunlight for photosynthesis and protect from UV radiation

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17
Q

What is alternation of generations/

A

when land plants have a multicellular diploid stage (develops from gametes) and a multicellular haploid stage (Developed from spores)

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18
Q

What type of cell division produces gametes and spores

A

gametes - mitosis

spores - meiosis

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19
Q

What is the multicellular diploid plant called?

A

sporophyte

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20
Q

What is the multicellular haploid plant called

A

Gametophyte

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21
Q

What are common nonvascular plants?

A

Liverworts, mosses, hornworts

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22
Q

What are the features of nonvascular plants

A
  • live in moist habitats, have thin cuticles
  • mostly small
  • minerals distribute through diffusion due to small size
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23
Q

What are the features of Liverworts

A

Gametophytes - green leeflike
Sporophytes - remain attached to large gametophyte
Mostcan reproduce asexually and sexually

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24
Q

What are the features of mosses?

A

have stomata

Have hydroids

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25
Q

what are hydroids?

A

cells in mosses that die and leave a channel through which water can move, functionally similar to tracheids

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26
Q

Which generation is photosynthetic in nonvascular plants?

A

gametophyte

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27
Q

In what structure are gametes produced in nonvascular plants

A

gametangia (antheridia and archegonia)

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28
Q

What are anteridia

A

male gametangia

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29
Q

what are archegoina

A

Female gametangia

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30
Q

How does sperm of nonvascular plants reach the egg

A

Must swim or be splashed by water

- water must be present for reproduction

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31
Q

What does xylem do?

A

conduct water and minerals from soil to aerial parts of the plant

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32
Q

what does phloem do?

A

conduct products of photosynthesis from production sites to use or storage stes

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33
Q

How do tracheids allow plants to grow taller

A

lignin in cell wall provide structural support

also allow transport of water and materials

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34
Q

How is the sporophyte generation of vascular plants different to nonvasclar plants?

A

it is nutritionally independent of gametophyte at maturity

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35
Q

What period did trees appear and what period did they dominate?

A

Devonian - appeared

Carboniferous - dominated

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36
Q

What changed in the permian era that affects modern plants

A

gymnospersm replaced lycophyte-fern forrests

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37
Q

What are the features of rhyniophyes?

A
  • earliest vascular plants (now extinct)
  • No roots, anchored by rhizomes with water absorbing, unicellular filaments (rhizoids)
    Dichotomous (2) branching pattern
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38
Q

What plants make up lycophytes

A

club mosses, spike mosses and quillworts

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39
Q

What are the properties of lycophytes

A

true branching roots
spirally arranged leaflike structures (Microphylls)
Grow from apical cell division
Dichotomous branchgin
Sprangia in club-like clusters (strobili)

40
Q

What are the features of hornworts?

A

Sporophytes look like small horns
Cells contain 1 chloroplast
Sporophyte grows from basal region capable of indefinite cell division
Symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria

41
Q

What are the 2 groups and features of monilophyts

A

Horsetails and ferns

Dfferentiation between main stem and side branches (not dichotomous)

42
Q

What are the features of horsetails?

A

Reduced true leaves in whorls
True roots
Independent sporophyte and gametophyte
Silica deposits in cell wall - useful as ‘scouring rushes’

43
Q

What era did ferns appear in?

A

devonian

44
Q

How long can sporophytes live for?

A

hundreds of years

45
Q

What are Sori

A

clusters of sporangia on a stalk

46
Q

What was the likely origin of roots?

A

As branches - either of a rhizome or of aboveground portion of a stem

47
Q

What were the first leafelike structure to evolve

A

microphylls of lycophytes

- may have arisen from sterile sporangia

48
Q

What are sporangia?

A

receptacle in which asexual spores are formed

49
Q

What are Euphyllophytes

A

A clade consisting of monilophytes and seed plants

- Synarmorphy is pvertopping growt

50
Q

What is overtopping growth

A

one branch differentiates from and grows beyond the others - advantage is competition of light

51
Q

What are megaphylls

A

more complex leafs - may have arisen from flattening of a branch tip

52
Q

What is homosporous

A

only one type of spore produced by sporophyte - developed into a single type of gametophyte with male and female reproductive organs

53
Q

Are most vascular plants heterosporous or homosporous?

A

Heterosporous

BUT earliest vascular plants were homosporous

54
Q

What do male and female gametophytes develop from

A

Female - from megaspore

Male - from microspore

55
Q

What are the 2 main types of seed plants

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

56
Q

What are the advantages of seeds

A

provide secure dormant stage for the embryo

can be dormant for years or centuries

57
Q

What is the trend in plant evolution regarding sporophytes and gametophytes?

A

sporophyte becomes less dependent on gametophyte, gametophyte becomes smaller

58
Q

How do gametophytes develop in seed plants

A

Develop partly or entirely while attached and nutritionally dependent on sporophyte

59
Q

What is the male gametophyte of seed plants

A

Pollen grain

- walls contain sporopollenin which prevents drying and chemical damage

60
Q

How do megaspores develop?

A

They develop into gemale gametophyte in megasporangia

- depended on sporophyte for food and water

61
Q

What is the megasporangium?

A

Structure in which megaspore develops
- is surrounded by sterile sporophytic structures that form protective integument that develops into ovule and then the seed

62
Q

Define polination

A

arrival of pollen gran near a female gametophyte

Pollen tube grows from gran and digests its way to megagametophytes

63
Q

What are the 3 generations of seed tissue?

A
  • Seed coat develops from tissues of diploid sporophyte parent
  • Haploid tissue from female gametophyte provides nutrients for developing embryo
  • Embryo is the new diploid sporophyte generation
64
Q

What do seed coats protect from?

A

Drying, potential predators and damage

65
Q

What is secondary growth?

A

Increasing diameter of roots and stems by growth of xylem (to form wood)

66
Q

What happens to wood over time?

A

becomes clogged with resin - provides support and allows plants to grow to great heights

67
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

seed plants that do not form flowers or fruits

  • ovule and seed not protected by ovary of fruit tissue
  • Have only tracheids as water conducting and support cells withing xylem
68
Q

What are the 4 groups of gymnosperms

A

Cycads - tropical
Gingkos - only one species today, common in mexozoic
Gnetopytes - some characteristics similar to agiosperms
Conifers - cone bearing platns

69
Q

What was the earliest diverging clade of gymnosperms

A

Cycads

70
Q

What are the male and female cones of conifers and their properties?

A

Megastrobilus - female. Seeds protected by woody scales

Microstrobilus - male pollen bearing cone

71
Q

Where are most conifer ovules?

A

borne exposed on the upper surface of the scales of the cone

72
Q

What is the defining feature of angiosperms?

A

Reproductive organs are in flowers, seeds are enclosed in fruit

  • Female gametophyte reduced (usually 7 cells)
  • Ovules and seeds enclosed in carpel
73
Q

What are fibers

A

cell type in xylem that provides structural support

74
Q

What is unique about xylem in angiosperms

A

they have vessel elements - specialized water tranporting cells - and fibers

75
Q

What are synapomorphies of angiosperms

A
  • flowers
  • fruits
  • ovules and seeds enclosed in a carpel
  • germination of pollen on stigma
  • double fertilization
  • Reduced gametophytes
  • nutritive tissue called endosperm
  • Phloem with companion cells
76
Q

What is the corolla

A

The petals collectively

77
Q

What is the calyx

A

Collelctively the sepals

78
Q

What is the role of the stamens?

A

Bear the male microsporangia

- Composed of a filament and anther

79
Q

What is the role of the carpels

A

Bear megasporangia

  • Base contains one or more ovules
  • Style (stalk of carpel) and stigma where pollen lands
80
Q

WHat are perfect flowers

A

Flowers have megasporangia and microsporangia

81
Q

What are imperfect flowers

A

two flower types, male and female

82
Q

What is the difference between monoecious and dioecious plants

A

Monoecious - male and female flowers on same plant

Dioecious - male and female on different plants

83
Q

What is a feature of the earliest diverging clade of angiosperms?

A

many tepals (undifferentiated sepals and petals) carpels and stamens

84
Q

How are most angiosperms polinated?

A

By animals

Mutualism - plants provide food to animals, animals pollinate platns

85
Q

What is double fertilization?

A

Each pollen grain contains 2 male gametes, one combines with egg (forms diploid zygote), other combies iwth 2 haploid nuclei of female gametophyte to form triploid cell (gives rise to endosperm that nourishes embryo during early development)

86
Q

What does an angiosperm embryo consist of?

A 
embryonic axis (becomes stem and root)
One or 2 cotyledons (seed leaves)
87
Q

What is the role of cotyledons?

A

Absorb and digest endosperm or enlarge and become photosynthetic when seed germinates

88
Q

How does fruit develop

A

from ovaries after fertilization

89
Q

What are the types of fruit that can develop?

A

Simple
aggregate
multiple

90
Q

Describe simple fruit

A

develop from a single carpel or fused carpel

91
Q

describe aggregate fruit

A

devel from several separate carpels of a single flower (e.g. rasberry)

92
Q

Describe Multiple fruit

A

Form from a flower cluster, inflorescenece

93
Q

WHat are accessory fruit?

A

Fruit that develop from other parts in addition to the carpel (e.g. apple, pears, strawberries)

94
Q

What is the sister group of all other flowering plants?

A

Species of genus Amborella

- Branching group include water lilies, star anise and magnoliids

95
Q

What are the 2 largest angiosperm clades?

A

Monocots (1 cotyledon)

Eudicots (2 cotyledons)

Biological Systems (20 decks)

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