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Biological Systems > Chapter 21 Evolution of Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Evolution of Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What evolutionary step was vital for plant migration to land?

A

evolution of cholorplasts via Primary endosymbiosis

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2
Q

What was the first clade to branch off after primary endosymbiosis

A

Algae - aquatic plants

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3
Q

What modern plant is thought to be similar to the ancestor of plantae?

A

glaucophytes - thought to be a sister group to the rest of the plantae

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4
Q

What are the properties of red algae?

A

multicellular
have phycoerythrin and clorophyll a
- Most are marine
- Ratio of chlorophyll a to phycoerythrin depends on light intensity (more phycoerythrin in deep water and dim light - appear more red)

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5
Q

What are the three main groups of green algae

A

chlorophytes
coleochateophytes
stoneworts

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6
Q

What pigments do green algae have and how do they store energy

A

chlorophyll a and b

store energy as starch

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7
Q

What is key synarmorphy of land plants?

A

embryo protected by tissues of parent plant

- plants that do this are called embryophytes

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8
Q

How many clades of land plants are there

A

10

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9
Q

What are the 2 main types of land plants, and how many clades are there of each?

A

Vascular (tracheophytes) - 7 clades

Nonvascular - 3 clades

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10
Q

What are tracheophytes?

A

Vascular plants (a clade) that have well developed vasclar systems with fluid conducting cells called tracheids

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11
Q

What adaptations allowed plants to move to land?

A
  • Transport systems for water and nutrients
  • Structural support
  • New ways to disperse gametes and progeny

Had to adapt to dry conditions

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12
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

waxy coat that slows water loss

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13
Q

What are stomata

A

closable openings that regulate gas exchange and water loss

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14
Q

What are gametangia

A

organs that enclose gametes and prevent them from drying out

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15
Q

What is an embryo

A

young plants contained within a protective structrure

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16
Q

What is the purpose of pigments?

A

Capture sunlight for photosynthesis and protect from UV radiation

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17
Q

What is alternation of generations/

A

when land plants have a multicellular diploid stage (develops from gametes) and a multicellular haploid stage (Developed from spores)

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18
Q

What type of cell division produces gametes and spores

A

gametes - mitosis

spores - meiosis

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19
Q

What is the multicellular diploid plant called?

A

sporophyte

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20
Q

What is the multicellular haploid plant called

A

Gametophyte

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21
Q

What are common nonvascular plants?

A

Liverworts, mosses, hornworts

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22
Q

What are the features of nonvascular plants

A
  • live in moist habitats, have thin cuticles
  • mostly small
  • minerals distribute through diffusion due to small size
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23
Q

What are the features of Liverworts

A

Gametophytes - green leeflike
Sporophytes - remain attached to large gametophyte
Mostcan reproduce asexually and sexually

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24
Q

What are the features of mosses?

A

have stomata

Have hydroids

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25
what are hydroids?
cells in mosses that die and leave a channel through which water can move, functionally similar to tracheids
26
Which generation is photosynthetic in nonvascular plants?
gametophyte
27
In what structure are gametes produced in nonvascular plants
gametangia (antheridia and archegonia)
28
What are anteridia
male gametangia
29
what are archegoina
Female gametangia
30
How does sperm of nonvascular plants reach the egg
Must swim or be splashed by water | - water must be present for reproduction
31
What does xylem do?
conduct water and minerals from soil to aerial parts of the plant
32
what does phloem do?
conduct products of photosynthesis from production sites to use or storage stes
33
How do tracheids allow plants to grow taller
lignin in cell wall provide structural support | also allow transport of water and materials
34
How is the sporophyte generation of vascular plants different to nonvasclar plants?
it is nutritionally independent of gametophyte at maturity
35
What period did trees appear and what period did they dominate?
Devonian - appeared Carboniferous - dominated
36
What changed in the permian era that affects modern plants
gymnospersm replaced lycophyte-fern forrests
37
What are the features of rhyniophyes?
- earliest vascular plants (now extinct) - No roots, anchored by rhizomes with water absorbing, unicellular filaments (rhizoids) Dichotomous (2) branching pattern
38
What plants make up lycophytes
club mosses, spike mosses and quillworts
39
What are the properties of lycophytes
true branching roots spirally arranged leaflike structures (Microphylls) Grow from apical cell division Dichotomous branchgin Sprangia in club-like clusters (strobili)
40
What are the features of hornworts?
Sporophytes look like small horns Cells contain 1 chloroplast Sporophyte grows from basal region capable of indefinite cell division Symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria
41
What are the 2 groups and features of monilophyts
Horsetails and ferns Dfferentiation between main stem and side branches (not dichotomous)
42
What are the features of horsetails?
Reduced true leaves in whorls True roots Independent sporophyte and gametophyte Silica deposits in cell wall - useful as 'scouring rushes'
43
What era did ferns appear in?
devonian
44
How long can sporophytes live for?
hundreds of years
45
What are Sori
clusters of sporangia on a stalk
46
What was the likely origin of roots?
As branches - either of a rhizome or of aboveground portion of a stem
47
What were the first leafelike structure to evolve
microphylls of lycophytes | - may have arisen from sterile sporangia
48
What are sporangia?
receptacle in which asexual spores are formed
49
What are Euphyllophytes
A clade consisting of monilophytes and seed plants | - Synarmorphy is pvertopping growt
50
What is overtopping growth
one branch differentiates from and grows beyond the others - advantage is competition of light
51
What are megaphylls
more complex leafs - may have arisen from flattening of a branch tip
52
What is homosporous
only one type of spore produced by sporophyte - developed into a single type of gametophyte with male and female reproductive organs
53
Are most vascular plants heterosporous or homosporous?
Heterosporous | BUT earliest vascular plants were homosporous
54
What do male and female gametophytes develop from
Female - from megaspore | Male - from microspore
55
What are the 2 main types of seed plants
gymnosperms and angiosperms
56
What are the advantages of seeds
provide secure dormant stage for the embryo | can be dormant for years or centuries
57
What is the trend in plant evolution regarding sporophytes and gametophytes?
sporophyte becomes less dependent on gametophyte, gametophyte becomes smaller
58
How do gametophytes develop in seed plants
Develop partly or entirely while attached and nutritionally dependent on sporophyte
59
What is the male gametophyte of seed plants
Pollen grain | - walls contain sporopollenin which prevents drying and chemical damage
60
How do megaspores develop?
They develop into gemale gametophyte in megasporangia | - depended on sporophyte for food and water
61
What is the megasporangium?
Structure in which megaspore develops - is surrounded by sterile sporophytic structures that form protective integument that develops into ovule and then the seed
62
Define polination
arrival of pollen gran near a female gametophyte Pollen tube grows from gran and digests its way to megagametophytes
63
What are the 3 generations of seed tissue?
- Seed coat develops from tissues of diploid sporophyte parent - Haploid tissue from female gametophyte provides nutrients for developing embryo - Embryo is the new diploid sporophyte generation
64
What do seed coats protect from?
Drying, potential predators and damage
65
What is secondary growth?
Increasing diameter of roots and stems by growth of xylem (to form wood)
66
What happens to wood over time?
becomes clogged with resin - provides support and allows plants to grow to great heights
67
What are gymnosperms?
seed plants that do not form flowers or fruits - ovule and seed not protected by ovary of fruit tissue - Have only tracheids as water conducting and support cells withing xylem
68
What are the 4 groups of gymnosperms
Cycads - tropical Gingkos - only one species today, common in mexozoic Gnetopytes - some characteristics similar to agiosperms Conifers - cone bearing platns
69
What was the earliest diverging clade of gymnosperms
Cycads
70
What are the male and female cones of conifers and their properties?
Megastrobilus - female. Seeds protected by woody scales | Microstrobilus - male pollen bearing cone
71
Where are most conifer ovules?
borne exposed on the upper surface of the scales of the cone
72
What is the defining feature of angiosperms?
Reproductive organs are in flowers, seeds are enclosed in fruit - Female gametophyte reduced (usually 7 cells) - Ovules and seeds enclosed in carpel
73
What are fibers
cell type in xylem that provides structural support
74
What is unique about xylem in angiosperms
they have vessel elements - specialized water tranporting cells - and fibers
75
What are synapomorphies of angiosperms
- flowers - fruits - ovules and seeds enclosed in a carpel - germination of pollen on stigma - double fertilization - Reduced gametophytes - nutritive tissue called endosperm - Phloem with companion cells
76
What is the corolla
The petals collectively
77
What is the calyx
Collelctively the sepals
78
What is the role of the stamens?
Bear the male microsporangia | - Composed of a filament and anther
79
What is the role of the carpels
Bear megasporangia - Base contains one or more ovules - Style (stalk of carpel) and stigma where pollen lands
80
WHat are perfect flowers
Flowers have megasporangia and microsporangia
81
What are imperfect flowers
two flower types, male and female
82
What is the difference between monoecious and dioecious plants
Monoecious - male and female flowers on same plant Dioecious - male and female on different plants
83
What is a feature of the earliest diverging clade of angiosperms?
many tepals (undifferentiated sepals and petals) carpels and stamens
84
How are most angiosperms polinated?
By animals | Mutualism - plants provide food to animals, animals pollinate platns
85
What is double fertilization?
Each pollen grain contains 2 male gametes, one combines with egg (forms diploid zygote), other combies iwth 2 haploid nuclei of female gametophyte to form triploid cell (gives rise to endosperm that nourishes embryo during early development)
86
What does an angiosperm embryo consist of?
``` embryonic axis (becomes stem and root) One or 2 cotyledons (seed leaves) ```
87
What is the role of cotyledons?
Absorb and digest endosperm or enlarge and become photosynthetic when seed germinates
88
How does fruit develop
from ovaries after fertilization
89
What are the types of fruit that can develop?
Simple aggregate multiple
90
Describe simple fruit
develop from a single carpel or fused carpel
91
describe aggregate fruit
devel from several separate carpels of a single flower (e.g. rasberry)
92
Describe Multiple fruit
Form from a flower cluster, inflorescenece
93
WHat are accessory fruit?
Fruit that develop from other parts in addition to the carpel (e.g. apple, pears, strawberries)
94
What is the sister group of all other flowering plants?
Species of genus Amborella | - Branching group include water lilies, star anise and magnoliids
95
What are the 2 largest angiosperm clades?
Monocots (1 cotyledon) | Eudicots (2 cotyledons)

Biological Systems (20 decks)

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