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BIOLOGY A LEVEL > CHAPTER 24 - POPULATIONS AND SUSTAINABILITY > Flashcards

CHAPTER 24 - POPULATIONS AND SUSTAINABILITY Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 main phases of a population growth curve

A

Slow growth

Rapid growth

Stable state

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2
Q

What is immigration

A

The movement of individual organisms into a particular area, increasing population size

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3
Q

What is emigration

A

The movement of individual organisms away from a particular area, decreases population size

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4
Q

What is an environments carrying capactiy

A

The maximum population size that an environment can support

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5
Q

State 3 factors that would cause an increase in population size

A

increase in quantity or quality of food supply

availability of (clean)
water

lack of predators

favourable environmental conditions

availability of light

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6
Q

Describe what happens during a period of exponential population growth

A

The population doubles in size / increases by a fixed proportion

each time a fixed interval of
time elapses

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7
Q

What is interspecific competition

A

Competition between different species

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8
Q

What is intraspecific competition

A

Competition between members of the same species
(pg 636)

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9
Q

What does competition fight for

A

Interspecific - habitats, food, territory,

Intraspecifc - above + mating

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10
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle

A

Where two species are competing for limited resources

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11
Q

What is an example of interspecific competition

A

Red and grey squirrels

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12
Q

What is an example of intraspecific competition

A

Robins competing for breeding territory, food etc…

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13
Q

State the difference between interspecific and intraspecific competition

A

Interspecific competition is when members of different species compete for the same resource
whereas intraspecific competition is when members of the same species compete for a resource

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14
Q

Describe the cycle of population size changes that occur as a result

A

Initially resources plentiful so population increases in size

resources now limited as more
organisms compete for resource, resulting in population decrease

reduced population results in
less competition so organisms survive and reproduce, resulting in increased population

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15
Q

Oak tree saplings compete with each other for light, water and minerals.

State the type of competition that exists between oak tree saplings

Suggest how the population of oak trees will vary over time

A

intraspecific competition

The individuals which grow fastest / are better adapted will survive

as saplings grow taller
they will reduce light / other named resource for other saplings

this will result in death of other
saplings / only few dominant oak trees will survive

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16
Q

What is predation

A

Where an organism kills and eats another

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17
Q

What adaptions do predators have

A

Sudden bursts of speed, stealth and fast reactions

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18
Q

What adaptions to prey have

A

Mimicry, camouflage, defence mechanisms (eg. spines)

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19
Q

What are the stages of predator-prey relationships

A

Increase in prey provides more food and the predators, allowing more to survive and reproduce, increasing predator population

Increased predator population eats more prey organisms, causing a decline in prey population

Reduced prey means it cannot support a large predator population, so competition for food increases, decreasing size of predator population

Reduced predator numbers means less prey are being killed, so they can reproduce increasing population
(pg 637)

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20
Q

Describe what would happen to the numbers of a predator population if a fatal disease spread amongst its only prey

A

Predator population would also fall as it has no food

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21
Q

Suggest two reasons why the populations of an interlinked predator and prey don’t produce an identical graph to expected

A

The prey is not only food source -
therefore can get energy by eating another animal, so a decrease in this particular prey will not necessarily cause a decrease in the predator population

predators contract a fatal disease -
prey population can increase dramatically

natural disaster - destroys both populations

seasonal fluctuations e.g., larger plant growth in
summer - increases prey food source so numbers climb

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22
Q

What is conservation

A

Maintaining of biodiversity through human action or management, including maintaining diversity between species, maintaining habitats and genetic diversity within a species

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23
Q

What is reclamation

A

process of restoring ecosystems that have been damaged or destroyed

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24
Q

What is preservation

A

The protection of an area by restricting or banning human interference, so the ecosystem remains in its original state

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25
Q

Why is conservation important

A

Economic benefit - to provide resources to survive and provide an income

Social - many people enjoy the beauty of a wild ecosystem, which are beneficial to health by relaxing and exercise

Ethical - all organisms have a right to exist

26
Q

State the difference between conservation and preservation

A

Conservation active management of an ecosystem

Preservation protection of an ecosystem
from interference so that it remains in its original state

27
Q

What are some methods of conservation/reclamation

A

Controlled burning, halting succession

28
Q

What is a sustainable resource

A

A renewable resource that is being economically exploited in such a way that it will not diminish or run out

29
Q

What are the aims of sustainability

A

Preserve the environment
Ensure resources are available for future generations
Allow humans in all societies to live comfortably
Enable LEDCs to develop through exploiting their natural resources
Create more even balance in the consumption of these resources between MEDCs and LEDCs

30
Q

What is coppicing

A

A tree trunk is cut close to the ground, new shoots from from the cut surface and mature

Shoots have many uses, including fencing
(pg 642)

31
Q

What do large scale timber companies do to ensure production is sustainable

A

Practise selective cutting, only removing largest trees
Replacing trees through replanting
Planting trees optimal distance apart to reduce competition
Manage pests and pathogens to maximise yields
Ensure that areas of forest remain for indigenous people

32
Q

What techniques are used to reduce overfishing

A

Use of different mesh sizes - making mesh larger so immature fish can escape and breed

Allow commercial and recreational fishing only at certain times of the year

Introduction of fish farming to prevent loss of wild species

33
Q

Suggest two reasons why producing resources in a sustainable way is important

A

To preserve the environment (1);

to conserve / make available resources for future generations

to maintain biodiversity in an area

to allow LEDCs to develop by exploiting their
natural resources

to create a more even balance in the consumption of resources between
LEDCs and MEDC

34
Q

Explain how coppicing is used to produce a sustainable supply of timber

A

In one area trees cut close to ground

timber is used for fuel / fencing / building / other appropriate use

new shoots appear which are allowed to grow

another area of land is then
coppiced

when initial trees reach a certain height they are then coppiced and cycle begins again

35
Q

What is the Masai Mara ecosystem

A

Savannah, and the mara river

36
Q

What are the key principles of ecotourism

A

Ensure tourism doesnt exploit the natural environment or local communities
Consult and engage with local communities on planned developments
Ensure that infrastructure improvements benefit local people as well as visitors

37
Q

What are the current studies in the masai mara

A

Behaviour and physiology of the predator spotted hyena
Flow assessment of the river basin
Mara predator project, cataloguing and monitoring lion populations
Mara-Meru cheetah project, monitoring cheetah populations

38
Q

State two ways in which humans use the lands of the masai mara

A

Tourism / ecotourism and farming / grazing

39
Q

How is the human and animal population balance maintained in the masai mara

A

Elephants threaten crop cultivation, so crops have to be fenced off (eating and trampling)
Legal hunting to cull excess animals
Diseasing migratory animals
Human populations expands more homes than are required

40
Q

Explain how and why the local masai tribes have changed their style of farming in recent years

A

Tribes of region were traditionally semi-nomadic / equivalent

tribes of Masai have
been restricted to using certain defined areas / use areas around the game reserve

larger population density in these regions

land farmed more widely / more land used for agriculture

land farmed more intensively / greater reliance on fertilisers

41
Q

The masai mara region receives 300000 visitors each year. State and explain the positive and negative impacts of this influx of people in the region

A

People bring economic input into region (1);
which creates jobs / enables region to invest in infrastructure / technology / transport links / other
relevant example (1); visitors see local tribes (1); allows for continuation of traditional culture pastimes
/ educates visitors about their traditional way of life (1); research is carried out in the Masai Mara (1);
providing employment / improved facilities / better conservation approaches / ensuring maintenance
of biodiversity in the region (1); large visitor numbers requires infrastructure (1); can damage
environment / uses natural resources / affects local habitat (1); visitors / safaris require transportation
(1); leads to soil erosion / scares anima

42
Q

What is the ecosystem of the Terai region in Nepal

A

Forest and floodplains

43
Q

What are some of the successes in the Terai region in community forestry groups

A

Significant improvements in conservation of forest regions
Improved soil and water management across the region
Increase in the retail price of forestry products
Employment and income generation through forest protection
Sustainable wood fuel sources
Securing the biodiversity of the forested area

44
Q

How have management strategies for sustainable land use in the Terai region prevented degradation of terai forests

A

Promoting the production of fruits and vegetables in the hills and mountain regions to avoid further intensification of the Terai
Improving irrigation facilities to enhance crop production
Multiple cropping, more than one crop is grown on a piece of land each season
Growth of nitrogen fixing crops
Growing crop varieties resistant to various soil challenges, through biotech and genetic engineering
Improving fertilisation techniques

45
Q

Describe the ecosystem of the terai region of Nepal

A

Mixture of fertile agricultural land, with densely forested regions

region is hot and humid in the
summer months / subjected to monsoons (in rainy season

46
Q

State two ways humans use the Terai region of Nepal

A

growing crops / agriculture
forestry / felling timber for building products / burning as fuel
tourism

47
Q

Explain how sustainable forestry and agricultural practices are being used in the Terai region to maintain biodiversity, while also meeting the needs of the local population

A

Local community forestry groups have been established

to set harvesting rules /
set agreed prices for timber products / reinvest profits for the benefit of the local population / enable small businesses to gain FSC certification

Sustainable forestry practice has: Increased forested area / forested density

therefore larger region available to support biodiverse ecosystem

/ improved water management / provided improved economic income to the region

Sustainable agriculture has: Prevented further intensive agriculture in region

therefore retained biodiversity of
less cultivated regions

/ improved irrigation of land / encouraged multiple cropping / planting of
leguminous crops / encouraged planting of disease / climatic / biotic-factor resistant crops / improved fertilisation of land

48
Q

State what is meant by a peat bog

A

A region of spongy, waterlogged land containing decomposing vegetation

49
Q

What are some conservation measures taken to conserve areas of lowland bogs

A

Ensuring the peat and vegetation of the bog so it is undisturbed and as wet as possible
Removal of seedling trees in the area
Using controlled grazing to maintain the biodiversity

50
Q

State and explain why the UK has lost such a large proportion of its peatlands over the past century

A

Peat is used for fuel / as a gardeners’ soil additive

therefore peat has been removed from the land to supply human demands

intensive farming / irrigation / drainage of land / afforestation / other relevant effect has removed water from the wetlands

drying out peatland regions thus leading to degradation or destruction of the peatlands

51
Q

What are some management techniques used to manage environmentally sensitive areas

A

Limiting the areas a tourism can visit
Controlling the movement of livestock
Introducing anti-poaching measures
Replanting of forests and native plants
Limiting hunting through quotas and seasonal bans

52
Q

What are three distinct regions in the galapagos which support particular plant species

A

Coastal zone, containing salt-tolerant species eg. mangrove and saltbush
Arid zone, containing drought-tolerant species eg. cacti, carob tree
Humid zone, containing dense cloud forest eg. supporting mosses and liverworts

53
Q

What are some of the protective measures of the Galapagos national park

A

Introduction of park rangers across the islands
Limiting human access to particular islands
Controlling migration to and from the islands
Strict controls over movement of introduced animals

54
Q

What are the human impacts on Antarctica

A

Planet-wide impacts eg. global warming
Hunting of whales, seals and fishing have depleted stocks of these organisms
Soil contamination
Discharge of waste into the sea

55
Q

What does the Antarctic treaty 1961 state in its provisions

A

Scientific cooperation between nations
Protection of plants and animals
Designation and management of protected areas
Management of tourism

56
Q

What are the key purposes of the National park authority in Snowdonia

A

Conserve and enhance national beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage
Promote opportunities for understanding and enjoyment
Enhance economic and social wellbeing of communities within the park

57
Q

State 3 reasons why people might want to visit environmentally sensitive areas

A

to view rare or endangered species,
to experience the landscape, for recreational opportunities

58
Q

State one unique feature of the Galápagos Islands and of Antarctica

A

G: Islands have never been connected to mainland / no large natural predators exist / almost complete absence of mammals

A: Extremely cold / dry / extended periods of sunlight or darkness / almost entirely covered by ice sheet / other relevant feature

59
Q

Using a named region, state and explain how a human activity is controlled to limit its effect on the populations of flora or fauna

A

e.g., Antarctica
e.g., whaling
e.g., reduction in population of fin whales
e.g., worldwide ban on whaling

60
Q

Environmentally sensitive regions often receive many visitors each year. State and explain the social and environmental impacts on the region of this influx of people

A

eg. Snowdonia national park
Social:
Visitors bring money (1); which creates jobs (1); enhances local population (1); reduces rural depopulation
allows rural regions to be economically viable
enable rural areas to invest in infrastructure (1);
technology (1);
supports local businesses (1); transport links (1);
(leisure) facilities created for visitors (1); also benefit local people (out of season) / other relevant example (1);
many visitors (1); can cause congestion / overcrowding / disturbs tranquillity / can bring invasive species / transmit disease / other relevant example (1). Environmental (max 4): Visitors bring money (1); which can be reinvested in conservation projects / other relevant example (1); visitors raise profile of a region (1); to enable environmental campaigns to gain publicity / other relevant example (1); many visitors (1); cause erosion of paths / trampling of flora / poaching / removing species from habitat

BIOLOGY A LEVEL (24 decks)

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