Chapter 24: Heart Failure and Heart Stuff Flashcards
What occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the bodies tissues needs for oxygen and nutrients? Results in low cardiac output and inadequate filling of arteries
Heart failure
What does heart failure result from?
Can result from impaired contraction (systole) and impaired relaxation (diastole), or a combination of both.
Can be caused by volume overload, renal failure, hypermetabolic stress
What happens if there is endothelial dysfunction?
blood vessel lumen becomes narrow which leads to accumulation of plaque or platelet activation resulting in a blood clot and vasoconstriction. These are major factors in coronary artery disease and hypertension.
What receptors are sensitive to changes in pressure, normally inhibit SNS
Baroreceptors
What increases the force of myocardial contractility and increases activity of SNS. This increases HR and vasoconstriction
Catecholamine (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, amines)
What is produced by kidneys in response to impaired blood flow and tissue perfusion?
Renin
What does Renin stimulate?
Angiotensin 2, which is a vasoconstrictor.
What is Ejection Fraction?
End diastolic volume that is ejected. determines how well your heart is pumping out blood. It is a measure of how much blood the left ventricle pumps out with each contraction.
If you have a normal EF, can you have HF?
YES!
What is the usual % EF?
60%
What reflects heart rate (how much the heart beats per min) and stroke volume (how much the blood ejects with each heart beat)?
Cardiac Output
How is HR regulated?
a balance between the SNS (increases HR) and PSNS (slows HR)
What is SV (stroke volume)?
function of preload, afterload and myocardial contractility
What is volume of blood that stretches the ventricle at the end of diastole, right before systole and is determined by venous return to the heart?
Preload (filling)
What causes a backflow into the systemic system (back flow of blood flow into the body) signs and symptoms of fluid volume overload (ascites), increased BP, headaches, edema, jugular venous distention, anorexia, hepatomegaly, weight gain, nocturnal diuresis. ?
Right sided HF
How do you treat left sided HF?
Reposition patient, make sure at high fowlers, percussion, and tripod sitting. Motrin precipitates left sided HF, due to retention of sodium. Motrin is hard on kidneys and can cause pts to retain sodium which is followed by water.
In what pathology do you see an S3 ventricular gallop?
Left sided HF
What drugs are used from Right sided HF?
Can use
ABCD drugs to help (ACE inhibitors, Beta Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers, and Diuretics).
What is the inability of the heart to circulate oxygen blood to body’s vital organs?
Decompensation
What type of agents weaken the force of muscular contractions. Hypoxia and heart muscle disease
Negatively inotropic agents
What is rate of contraction, dealing mainly with the SA node?
Chronotrope
What is positive chronotropic?
increases HR using SNS. Epinephrine and Dopamine
What is negative crhonotropic?
Slows down the RATE of contraction. Beta blockers (-olol) or calcium channel blockers (-pine, -zem). Decreases using PSNS
