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MICRO > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

1
Q

Who determined that the cholera outbreak in 1850s London was due to contaminated water and approached the problem by removing the pump handle at the contaminated site?

A. Pasteur

B. Snow

C. Koch

D. Smith

A

B. Snow

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2
Q

The passage from the mouth to the anus is termed the

A. gut canal.

B. oral cavity.

C. grand canal.

D. alimentary canal.

A

D. alimentary canal.

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3
Q

Collections of bacteria that adhere to the surfaces of the teeth are called

A. dental caries.

B. dental plaque.

C. halitosis.

D. periodontal disease.

A

B. dental plaque.

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4
Q

The most common infectious disease of humans is

A. the common cold.

B. dental caries.

C. hepatitis A.

D. halitosis

A

B. dental caries.

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5
Q

The principal cause of dental caries is

A. S. mutans.

B. S. salivarius.

C. S. mitis.

D. S. sanguis.

A

A. S. mutans.

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6
Q

Part of the ability of S. mutans to produce dental caries depends on its ability to

A. invade plaque and dissolve the gums.

B. convert sucrose to lactic acid.

C. convert proteins to sugars.

D. attach to the gums.

A

B. convert sucrose to lactic acid.

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7
Q

This mineral, typically added to drinking water, makes enamel more resistant to dissolving in acid.

A. calcium

B. chlorine

C. chloramine

D. fluoride

A

D. fluoride

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8
Q

The chronic inflammatory process involving the gums and tissues around the teeth is called

A. dental caries.

B. periodontal disease.

C. dental plaque.

D. root caries.

A

B. periodontal disease.

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9
Q

H. pylori is, in part, able to survive in the stomach by its ability to produce

A. lactic acid from sugar.

B. fatty acids from sebum.

C. neutralizing proteins from glucans.

D. ammonia from urea.

A

D. ammonia from urea.

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10
Q

H. pylori appears to have some connection with

A. acid reflux disease.

B. ulcers.

C. dental caries.

D. stomach cancer.

E. ulcers AND stomach cancer.

A

E. ulcers AND stomach cancer.

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11
Q

Where in the body does the latent, non-infectious, non-replicating form of the herpes simplex virus persist?

A. motor neurons

B. red blood cells

C. cranial nerves

D. sensory nerves

A

D. sensory nerves

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12
Q

A painful finger infection attributable to herpes virus is known as a(n)

A. finger sore.

B. abrasion lesion.

C. furuncle.

D. herpetic whitlow.

A

D. herpetic whitlow.

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13
Q

Which of the following has shown some effectiveness in treating a herpes infection?

A. AZT

B. protease inhibitors

C. acyclovir

D. cephalosporin

A

C. acyclovir

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14
Q

The viral disease that characteristically infects the parotid glands is

A. measles.

B. herpes.

C. chickenpox.

D. mumps.

A

D. mumps.

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15
Q

Mumps is a good candidate for elimination from the population due to

A. the existence of an effective vaccine.

B. a human only reservoir.

C. the absence of a latent state.

D. a single serotype.

E. All of the choices are correct.

A

E. All of the choices are correct.

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16
Q

Almost all bacterial intestinal infections may be attributed to

A. Vibrio spp.

B. C. jejuni.

C. Salmonella spp.

D. enterobacteria.

E. All of the choices are correct.

A

E. All of the choices are correct.

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17
Q

The initial attachment required for establishment of an intestinal infection is by

A. flagella.

B. cilia.

C. pseudopodia.

D. pili.

A

D. pili.

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18
Q

The toxins involved in intestinal infections typically

A. kill cells by inhibiting protein synthesis.

B. modify cell physiology resulting in increased secretion of water and electrolytes.

C. modify cell physiology resulting in decreased secretion of water and electrolytes.

D. kill cells by inhibiting DNA synthesis.

E. kill cells by inhibiting protein synthesis AND modify cell physiology resulting in increased secretion of water and electrolytes.

A

E. kill cells by inhibiting protein synthesis AND modify cell physiology resulting in increased secretion of water and electrolytes.

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19
Q

Cholera is the classic example of a(n)

A. food-borne illness.

B. zoonosis.

C. opportunist.

D. very severe form of diarrhea.

A

D. very severe form of diarrhea.

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20
Q

The diarrhea of cholera has been described as

A. a viscous fluid.

B. small in volume.

C. somewhat watery.

D. a rice water stool.

A

D. a rice water stool.

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21
Q

The symptoms of cholera are due to the action of

A. an endotoxin.

B. modified mucus.

C. flagella.

D. an exotoxin.

A

D. an exotoxin.

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22
Q

A common source of cholera infection is

A. acid rain.

B. unpasteurized milk.

C. fecal contaminated material, especially water.

D. boiled water.

E. acid rain AND boiled water.

A

C. fecal contaminated material, especially water.

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23
Q

The primary treatment for cholera is

A. the administration of antibiotics.

B. vaccination.

C. by blood transfusion.

D. simply rehydration.

E. vaccination AND by blood transfusion.

A

D. simply rehydration.

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24
Q

Shigella and cholera toxin both

A. have an A-B arrangement.

B. work through ADP ribosylation.

C. increase cAMP levels.

D. prevent protein synthesis.

A

A. have an A-B arrangement.

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25
Q

Shigella

A. are themselves nonmotile.

B. may be pushed from cell to cell by actin tails.

C. utilize pili to move.

D. utilize flagella to move.

E. are themselves nonmotile AND may be pushed from cell to cell by actin tails.

A

E. are themselves nonmotile AND may be pushed from cell to cell by actin tails.

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26
Q

Which of the following groups contain diarrhea-causing E. coli?

A. enterotoxigenic

B. enteroinvasive

C. enteropathogenic

D. enterohemorrhagic

E. All of the choices are correct.

A

E. All of the choices are correct.

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27
Q

Which of the following groups give rise to a disease similar to that caused by Shigella sp.?

A. enterotoxigenic

B. enteroinvasive

C. enteropathogenic

D. enterohemorrhagic

E. All of the choices are correct.

A

B. enteroinvasive

28
Q

Which group produces a toxin somewhat similar to that produced by Shigella dysenteriae?

A. enterotoxigenic

B. enteroinvasive

C. enteropathogenic

D. enterohemorrhagic

E. All of the choices are correct.

A

D. enterohemorrhagic

29
Q

V. cholera and most salmonellas are

A. killed by acid conditions.

B. stimulated by acid conditions.

C. killed by low concentrations of salt.

D. killed by neutral conditions.

A

A. killed by acid conditions.

30
Q

Most cases of Salmonella gastroenteritis have a(n)

A. water source.

B. human source.

C. plant source.

D. animal source.

A

D. animal source.

31
Q

The food products most commonly contaminated with Salmonella strains are

A. meat and seafood.

B. milk and cheese.

C. fruit and vegetables.

D. eggs and poultry.

A

D. eggs and poultry.

32
Q

The animal(s) often associated with Salmonella strains is/are

A. turtles.

B. iguanas.

C. baby chickens.

D. ducks.

E. All of the choices are correct.

A

E. All of the choices are correct.

33
Q

In which of these organs does a carrier of typhoid bacilli maintain the bacteria?

A. liver

B. gallbladder

C. Peyer’s patches

D. colon

E. liver AND Peyer’s patches

A

B. gallbladder

34
Q

The most notorious typhoid carrier was

A. Typhoid Tilly.

B. Typhoid Tom.

C. Typhoid Mary.

D. Typhoid Mark.

A

C. Typhoid Mary.

35
Q

Which of these bacteria require a special medium and microaerophilic conditions?

A. E. coli

B. Pseudomonas

C. S. aureus

D. C. jejuni

A

D. C. jejuni

36
Q

A mysterious sequel to C. jejuni infections is

A. Reye’s syndrome.

B. Tourette’s syndrome.

C. Pasteur’s syndrome.

D. Guillain-Barré syndrome.

A

D. Guillain-Barré syndrome.

37
Q

The animal(s) most often associated with C. jejuni is/are

A. turtles.

B. iguanas.

C. chickens.

D. ducks.

E. All of the choices are correct.

A

C. chickens.

38
Q

Viral gastroenteritis in infants and children is most commonly caused by

A. herpes.

B. hepatitis B.

C. Norwalk virus.

D. rotavirus.

A

D. rotavirus.

39
Q

Viral gastroenteritis that affects people of all ages and usually lasts less than 3 days is caused by

A. herpes.

B. hepatitis B.

C. norovirus.

D. rotavirus.

A

C. norovirus.

40
Q

The most common chronic blood-borne infection in the U.S. is

A. hepatitis A

B. hepatitis B

C. hepatitis C

D. hepatitis D

A

C. hepatitis C

41
Q

Hepatitis A spreads via

A. the respiratory route.

B. blood transfusion.

C. body fluids.

D. the fecal-oral route.

A

D. the fecal-oral route.

42
Q

HBV is mainly spread by

A. blood.

B. blood products.

C. semen.

D. saliva.

E. blood, blood products AND semen.

A

E. blood, blood products AND semen.

43
Q

Protozoan infections are typically spread by

A. the respiratory route.

B. blood transfusion.

C. body fluids.

D. the fecal-oral route.

A

D. the fecal-oral route.

44
Q

The most commonly identified waterborne illness in the United States is

A. amoebiasis.

B. cryptosporidiosis.

C. balantidiasis.

D. giardiasis.

A

D. giardiasis.

45
Q

Giardiasis may be contracted from

A. another person.

B. clear mountain streams.

C. chlorinated city water.

D. cold filtered beer.

E. another person, clear mountain streams AND chlorinated city water.

A

E. another person, clear mountain streams AND chlorinated city water.

46
Q

C. parvum may infect

A. dogs.

B. pigs.

C. cattle.

D. humans.

E. All of the choices are correct.

A

E. All of the choices are correct.

47
Q

Most North American outbreaks of Cyclospora cayetanensis have been associated with

A. cattle.

B. iguanas.

C. imported leafy vegetables and berries, especially raspberries.

D. chickens.

A

C. imported leafy vegetables and berries, especially raspberries.

48
Q

The oocytes of Cyclospora cayetanensis

A. are mature when eliminated in the stool.

B. do not contain sporozoites when passed in the feces.

C. are smaller than the oocytes of Cryptosporidium parvum.

D. give rise to three sporozoites.

E. All of the choices are correct.

A

B. do not contain sporozoites when passed in the feces.

49
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A. causes amebiasis.

B. may form cysts.

C. cysts survive passage through the stomach.

D. may produce a cytotoxic enzyme.

E. All of the choices are correct.

A

E. All of the choices are correct

50
Q

Amebiasis

A. is caused by C. parvum.

B. often causes a bloody diarrhea.

C. is an infection of the stomach.

D. is restricted to temperate climates.

E. is caused by C. parvum AND often causes a bloody diarrhea.

A

B. often causes a bloody diarrhea.

51
Q

The bacteria primarily responsible for dental caries is Streptococcus mutans.

A

TRUE

52
Q

Sucrose is one of the major contributors to the development of dental caries.

A

TRUE

53
Q

H. pylori appears connected to stomach cancer and ulcers.

A

TRUE

54
Q

The saliva of asymptomatic carriers of herpes simplex is commonly infectious.

A

TRUE

55
Q

The mumps virus initially infects the respiratory tract.

A

TRUE

56
Q

Virulent strains of shigella typically carry a large plasmid.

A

TRUE

57
Q

The infectious dose of cholera is much larger than that for Shigella.

A

TRUE

58
Q

Cyclospora cayetanensis has, so far, not been identified with an animal source

A

TRUE

59
Q

Cyclosporiosis is transmissable from person to person.

A

FALSE

60
Q

Both Giardia and C. parvum are resistant to chlorine.

A

TRUE

61
Q

Why is it that the tongue and cheek epithelium doesn’t provide a sufficient anaerobic environment for plaque anaerobes to grow, but the surface of teeth might?

A. The epithelium is supplied with oxygen by capillary beds. This makes it a relatively aerobic environment and hostile to anaerobes.

B. The tooth enamel is supplied with oxygen by capillary beds. This makes it a relatively anaerobic environment and hostile to aerobes.

C. The surface of the tongue and cheek are constantly scraped by the action of consuming food. Layers of bacterial growth that might help to supply an anaerobic environment are scraped away, exposing lower levels to oxygen-rich air.

D. The surface of teeth (especially the molars) have many pits and crevices that can serve as ‘pockets’ for layers of bacteria to grow in. Once the layers get deep enough, the bottom portions are anaerobic. This isn’t possible on the very smooth surface of the tongue and cheek epithelium.

A

A. The epithelium is supplied with oxygen by capillary beds. This makes it a relatively aerobic environment and hostile to anaerobes.

62
Q

Why would you expect acyclovir to be ineffective against latent HSV infections?

A. This is an antibacterial drug, and HSV is a virus.

B. This is an antifungal drug, and HSV is a virus.

C. This drug directly inhibits DNA polymerase activity-cells that are latently infected with HSV have no DNA polymerase activity.

D. This drug is a nucleoside analogue-it becomes activated by a viral enzyme that is produced only when the virus is replicating. As such, if the virus is latent, the enzyme to activate the drug is not present (and the drug is ineffective).

A

D. This drug is a nucleoside analogue-it becomes activated by a viral enzyme that is produced only when the virus is replicating. As such, if the virus is latent, the enzyme to activate the drug is not present (and the drug is ineffective).

63
Q

Explain how Vibrio cholerae causes cholera without apparent damage to the intestinal epithelium.

A. This microbe causes destruction of the cellular structures underneath the intestinal epithelium-this is what induces the watery rice-stool characteristic of the illness. This leaves the overlying intestinal epithelium intact.

B. This microbe directly invades the intestinal epithelial cells, but does not kill them. Instead, while multiplying inside them, it causes them to secrete large amounts of chloride ions. This induces water to follow by osmosis, resulting in the watery rice-stool characteristic of the illness.

C. This microbe attaches to the surface of intestinal epithelial cells, secreting an exotoxin that causes the epithelium to secrete large amounts of chloride ions. This induces large amounts of water to follow by osmosis, resulting in the watery rice-stool characteristic of the illness.

D. The inflammatory reaction to the presence of this microbe causes the watery rice-stool characteristic of the illness. Therefore, it’s technically the immune response that initiates the disease, although this response is induced by the presence of the microbe on the intestinal epithelium.

A

C. This microbe attaches to the surface of intestinal epithelial cells, secreting an exotoxin that causes the epithelium to secrete large amounts of chloride ions. This induces large amounts of water to follow by osmosis, resulting in the watery rice-stool characteristic of the illness.

64
Q

Why might it be more difficult to prepare a vaccine against noroviruses than against rotaviruses?

A. We haven’t been able to culture noroviruses in a lab setting yet. Without a starting culture, we can’t create a vaccine.

B. Noroviruses are RNA viruses, where rotaviruses are DNA viruses. RNA viruses mutate far more easily than DNA viruses, so we COULD make a vaccine, but it would be rendered useless fairly quickly as the virus mutates.

C. We lack a proper culturing method for large-scale production of target cells for norovirus, whereas we have such a system for the target cells of rotaviruses. Without a system to get large numbers of target cells, we can’t produce a vaccine.

D. Norovirus is much more infectious than rotavirus. As such, it’s much harder to work with safety. This makes production of a vaccine too dangerous and unpredictable.

A

A. We haven’t been able to culture noroviruses in a lab setting yet. Without a starting culture, we can’t create a vaccine.

65
Q

Would you expect an individual with giardiasis who has diarrhea to be more likely to transmit the disease than an individual with giardiasis who does NOT have diarrhea? Why or why not?

A. No-this illness is spread by respiratory droplets, so diarrhea as a symptom shouldn’t matter for transmission of the disease.

B. No-this illness is spread by sexual contact, so diarrhea as a symptom shouldn’t matter for transmission of the disease.

C. Yes-this illness is spread by the fecal-oral route, so presence of diarrhea as a symptom should dramatically increase the possibility of transmission of infection.

D. Yes-this illness is spread by insects that feed on contaminated fecal matter, becoming infected themselves. The disease is spread to new individuals when these infected insects bite a susceptible person, transmitting the cysts of the protozoan. As such, diarrhea as a symptom would increase the risk of transmission through biting insects to new individuals.

A

C. Yes-this illness is spread by the fecal-oral route, so presence of diarrhea as a symptom should dramatically increase the possibility of transmission of infection.

MICRO (13 decks)

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