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microbiology > chapter 24 & 25: diseases of the respiratory and intestinal tracts > Flashcards

chapter 24 & 25: diseases of the respiratory and intestinal tracts Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

diseases of the upper respiratory tract

A

pharyngitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis

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2
Q

pharyngitis

A

sore throat, inflammation of mucous membranes of throat

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3
Q

laryngitis

A

when larynx is site of infection, affects speech

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4
Q

tonsillitis

A

tonsils involved in infection

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5
Q

sinusitis

A

sinus cavity infected

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6
Q

streptococcal pharyngitis

A

caused by GAS, antibiotic therapy should be started immediately, Beta-lactams effective

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7
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

responsible for impetigo, erysipelas, and acute bacterial endocarditis

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8
Q

pathogenicity of Streptococcus pyogenes is enhanced by

A

resistance to phagocytosis, presence of polysaccharide capsule, and M protein

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9
Q

streptokinase

A

dissolves clots, important virulence trait of Streptococcus pyogenes

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10
Q

streptolysins

A

lyses cells, important virulence trait of Streptococcus pyogenes

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11
Q

rapid GAS test

A

enzyme immuno assay (EIA) given at clinic to test for the presence of GAS

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12
Q

scarlet fever

A

a post-GAS syndrome related to the production of erythrogenic toxin (ET), a phage encoded product

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13
Q

only strains that are _____ for the erythrogenic toxin induce scarlet fever

A

lysogenic

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14
Q

symptoms of scarlet fever

A

pinkish red rash and spotted tongue having a strawberry-like appearance; upper layer of skin on tongue lost and reddish appearance is quite alarming

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15
Q

other than the appearance of scarlet fever, the syndrome is…

A

not dangerous but does signal an acute GAS infection

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16
Q

diphtheria is a

A

serious upper respiratory infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria

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17
Q

corynebacterium diphtheria is _____, but its ____ is very dangerous

A

common, toxin

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18
Q

corynebacterium diphtheria is a….. bacteria

A

gram-positive, aerobic, pleomorphic rod

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19
Q

diphtheria starts as …

A

sore throat and a fever, followed by malaise and swelling of neck (visible), followed by the appearance of a pseudomembrane clot in the throat made of dead epithelial cells, fibrin, and bacteria that can block the airway

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20
Q

death from diphtheria is from

A

asphyxiation due to blocked airway

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21
Q

transmission of diphtheria

A

aerosol droplets

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22
Q

all symptoms of diphtheria are caused by____

A

diphtheria toxin, DT

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23
Q

the DT (diphtheria toxin) blocks…..

A

protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells thus killing them, death of pharyngeal epithelium

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24
Q

DT is encoded on a

A

bacteriophage

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25
Q

only the _____ strain of diphtheria causes disease

A

lysogenic

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26
Q

treatment of diphtheria

A

antibiotics and anti-toxin

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27
Q

the advent of _____, an effective vaccine, has resulted in the almost disappearance of the disease

A

DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus), has a DT toxoid

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28
Q

pertussis is known as

A

whooping cough

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29
Q

pertussis caused by bacteria

A

Bordella pertussis

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30
Q

Bordella pertussis is a …. bacteria

A

small gram-negative, fastidious, obligate aerobic cocc-bacillus

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31
Q

____ strains of pertussis are the most virulent

A

encapsulated

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32
Q

pertussis is acquired by

A

aerosol droplets that are inhaled

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33
Q

the bacteria of pertussis attach….

A

to the ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory airway, unique to this disease

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34
Q

after bordella pertussis attached to the ciliated epithelial cells of the airway…

A

it progressively destroys these cells, negatively affecting the respiratory elevator system for moving mucus

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35
Q

pertussis produces several ____ which

A

toxins, kill cells, esp. ciliated epithelial cells but also neutrophils and other phagocytes

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36
Q

pertussis toxin will enter…

A

the blood stream and this is what causes the systemic symptoms

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37
Q

three stages of pertussis

A

catarrhal stage, paroxysmal stage, convalescence stage

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38
Q

catarrhal stage of pertussis

A

symptoms act like the common cold

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39
Q

paroxysmal stage of pertussis

A

characterized by prolonged sieges of coughing with characteristic gasping for air “whooping” sound (destruction of ciliated cells at heart of cough reflex spasms)

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40
Q

what causes whooping sounds of pertussis?

A

host has difficulty expelling air since dying ciliated cells

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41
Q

convalescence stage of pertussis

A

recovery period, may last for months due to intense damage to epithelium

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42
Q

deaths from pertussis are from

A

complications arising after pertussis- meningitis, septicemia, etc.

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43
Q

treatment for pertussis

A

erythromycin and other macrolides, not effective after onset of paroxysmal stage but will reduce spread

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44
Q

tuberculosis caused by the bacteria

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

45
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a …. bacterium

A

obligate aerobic, slender rod-shaped, acid-fast

46
Q

Tuberculosis: Ziehl-Neelsen stain

A

requires heat to impregnate waxy, mycolic acid coat of bacterium

47
Q

Tuberculosis: Acid-fast stain

A

carbol-fuchsin stain followed by acid-alcohol decolorization; Tb remains stained, thus “acid-fast”

48
Q

tuberculosis is a ____ growing organism

A

slow, takes weeks to form colonies

49
Q

tuberculosis is a _______ intracellular bacterium

A

facultative, lives within macrophages in host, but, can grown on artificial lab media

50
Q

tuberculosis acquired by

A

inhalation

51
Q

if the tuberculosis bacterium reaches the lungs…

A

it is ingested by a macrophage and survives and multiplies here

52
Q

tubercule

A

granuloma, is formed where organism is walled off within alveoli as a hard nodule

53
Q

most tuberculosis infections result in

A

asymptomatic, latent infection, about 1/10 latent infections progress to active diseases - if left untreated, kills more than 50% of victims

54
Q

____ and TB go hand in hand

A

HIV

55
Q

____ during lung phase of TB spreads the disease

A

coughing, once latent disease is not infectious

56
Q

Lesions from TB are detected by

A

X-ray or CT

57
Q

TB: if body defenses fail or immuno-compromised by some other pathology, ____ ____ are released into…

A

virulent bacilli, lung, cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

58
Q

disseminated infection of TB

A

called miliary tuberculosis, due to many small tubercules formed in various tissues (look like seeds), this is an indicator for systemic TB

59
Q

consumption

A

another name for systemic TB

60
Q

TB: after miliary tuberculosis, body’s remaining defenses become overwhelmed….

A

patient loses weight and vigor and may die

61
Q

diagnosis of TB

A

Tuberculin skin test, is possible for people to develop a robust cell-mediated immunity to Tb (intracellular residence of Tb); an intra-dermal injection of TB antigen results in local delayed hypersensitivity reaction to antigen in “+” test

62
Q

BCG = Bacillus - Calmette - Guerin is

A

the product of TB strain that was thought to be an effective vaccine, didn’t work and gives + skin test results

63
Q

positive skin tests for TB are usually followed by

A

X-ray or CT since tubercles are visible here, this is to distinguish between active and latent cases, X-ray cannot tell but CT can

64
Q

treatment combination of TB

A

Isoniazid, Rifampin (rifampicin), Ethanbutol

65
Q

active infection of TB is determined by

A

observation of acid-fast bacillus in sputa and culture

66
Q

Legionellosis comes from bacteria

A

Legionella pneumophila, a newly described microbial species common to freshwater environments

67
Q

Legionella pneumophila is a …. bacteria

A

aerobic, gram-negative rod, facultative intracellular parasite

68
Q

L. pneumophila is a parasite of

A

protozoa

69
Q

we become accidentally infected with Legionellosis by

A

inhaling aerosolized organisms, usually from faulty air conditioning or plumbing systems

70
Q

medium of choice for legionellosis

A

buffered charcoal yeast extract medium

71
Q

symptoms of Legionnaire’s disease

A

fever, nonproductive cough, general lobar pneumonia symptoms (one lobe of lung infected); difficult to diagnose unless looking for it

72
Q

later stages of pneumonia include

A

neurological symptoms such as delirium, confusion, etc.

73
Q

L. pneumophila _____ and ____ within..

A

survives and multiplies, macrophages, often complicating disease and treatment

74
Q

L. pneumophila is resistant to

A

penicillin due to intracellular residence

75
Q

Treatment for Legionnaire’s

A

erythromycin and other macrolides

76
Q

all intestinal pathogens enter through

A

the oral cavity (fecal oral route)

77
Q

staphylococcal food poisoning caused by

A

ingesting an enterotoxin produced by Staph aureus

78
Q

staphylococcal food poisoning leading cause of

A

gastroenteritis

79
Q

staphylococcal food poisoning is resistant to

A

heat and high osmotic pressures allowing growth in some cured foods, salt tolerant

80
Q

staphylococcal food poisoning : organisms allowed to grow in food produces

A

enterotoxin

81
Q

toxin in staphylococcal food poisoning can withstand ____ for several minutes so…

A

boiling. can withstand reheating

82
Q

toxin in staphylococcal food poisoning leads to

A

acute illness hours after ingestion, characterized by intense vomiting and diarrhea

83
Q

Staph enterotoxin A is the ______ prevalent, has a _____ effect

A

most, neurotoxin

84
Q

______ in staphylococcal food poisoning triggers a massive inappropriate immunologic response

A

superantigen

85
Q

shigellosis is also known as

A

bacillary dysentery

86
Q

symptoms of shigellosis

A

severe diarrhea, about 20 bms per day, severe cramping, fever

87
Q

shigellosis causes ___ cells to…

A

M, ingest the bacteria, leads to abcess formation because of lateral movement of the infection; avoids immune responses this way as well

88
Q

shigellosis is caused by

A

members of the genus Shigella, S. sonnei, S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii; gram negative facultative rods

89
Q

shigella is closely related to

A

E. coli

90
Q

shigella rarely enters

A

the blood stream

91
Q

shigella treatment

A

rehydration and antibiotic therapy

92
Q

Salmonella is a _____ bacteria

A

gram neg facultative rod, member of enterobacteriae

93
Q

salmonella inhabit

A

the human intestine

94
Q

salmonella is split into 2 groups

A

typhoidal and non, non= salmonellosis (gastroenteritis)

95
Q

salmonella is caused by the bacteria

A

S. enterica subspecies Typhimurium

96
Q

chain of events with salmonella

A

ingestion of contaminated food, organisms enter small intestine and divide rapidly within intestinal epithelium and macrophages; invade intestinal wall and enter lymphatic/circulatory systems (can enter blood!)

97
Q

symptoms of salmonella

A

moderate fever, nausea, abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea

98
Q

treatment for salmonella

A

oral rehydration

99
Q

salmonella caused by organisms in

A

eggs or contaminated meat products (chicken)

100
Q

diagnosis of salmonella

A

isolation of organism from patient’s stool

101
Q

cholera is caused by

A

vibrio cholerae, ingestion of the organism and growth in small intestine and produces a potent endotoxin (Cholera toxin) induces fluid and electrolyte excretion

102
Q

vibrio cholerae

A

slightly curved, gram neg, rod, single polar flagellum

103
Q

cholera can cause blood to be _____, resulting in

A

viscous, organ failure

104
Q

cholera symptoms

A

watery diarrhea, (rich water stool) vomiting, infection often gathered from contaminated water

105
Q

cholera is ____ to stomach acid

A

sensitive, consequently requires large inocula

106
Q

treatment for cholera

A

doxycycline and intravenous hydration

107
Q

vaccine for cholera

A

has never really been very effective

108
Q

traveler’s diarrhea

A

enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

109
Q

E. COLI O157:H7

A

most commonly associated with under cooked meat–man made disease–selected for at feed lots and is specifically from those cattle–acid tolerant

microbiology (10 decks)

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