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microbiology > chapter 23: diseases of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems > Flashcards

chapter 23: diseases of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

target diseases

A

sepsis and septic shock, brucellosis, plague, lyme disease, malaria

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2
Q

lymphatic drainage collects in

A

thoracic duct (aka alimentary duct) and drains into blood stream at the left brachiocephalic vein between the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins

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3
Q

blood is normally

A

sterile, but small number of microbes is not a big problem

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4
Q

sepsis: nosocomial invasion common due to interventions involving

A

medical devices (catheters, IVs, breathing tubes, etc.)

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5
Q

sepsis: blood-bourne _____ and ____ defenses…

A

cellular (phagocytes), soluble (complement), plus iron restriction (transferrin), check growth of microbes; if defenses fail, microbes can proliferate

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6
Q

sepsis

A

systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

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7
Q

septicemia

A

actue illness associated with pathogens in blood stream

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8
Q

sepsis is the result of

A

infection-associated inflammatory mediators bring released in the blood, although the source of the etiology is not necessarily blood

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9
Q

sepsis symptoms

A

fever, rapid heart or respiratory rates, elevated white blood cell count; release of iron from RBCs by microbial action can stimulate microbial growth

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10
Q

lymphangitis

A

red streaks up appendages indicative of inflamed lymph vessels; often associated with sepsis or septicemia; can occur if there is a local infection and then it enters the vasculature of the lymphatic system

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11
Q

if body cannot quickly control infection and resulting SIRS, the condition….

A

rapidly progresses to shock and death

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12
Q

symptoms of sepsis

A

brought on largely by release of proinflammatory cytokines in response to infection; fever, chills, accelerated breathing and heart rate, drop in blood pressure, organ failure

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13
Q

Severe sepsis signs

A

drop in blood pressure and organ failure

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14
Q

final stage of sepsis

A

when low blood pressure can no longer be controlled=septic shock, survival chances of septic shock are very low

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15
Q

90% of adults and 70% of children who developed sepsis had

A

a health condition that may have put them at risk

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16
Q

sepsis occurs most often in people

A

65+ years of age or younger than 1 year; weakened immune systems, or with chronic medical conditions (ex: diabetes)

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17
Q

if an infection is not treated properly….

A

even healthy people can develop sepsis

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18
Q

four types of infections are often associated with sepsis

A

lungs, urinary tract, skin, and gut

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19
Q

common germs that can cause sepsis

A

Staph aureus, E. coli, and some types of strep

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20
Q

septic shock most frequently caused by

A

gram negative bacterium

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21
Q

outer envelope of gram neg bacteria contain

A

lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) which itself can induce ALL of the symptoms of septic shock, 1 nanogram is sufficient to cause symptoms

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22
Q

___ of all hospital deaths due to sepsis

A

1/3

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23
Q

____ ____ is crucial as is ____ to reduce effects of endotoxin

A

antibiotic therapy, treatment

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24
Q

Xigris

A

a drug that reduces clotting associated with septic-mediated organ failure

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25
Q

brucellosis

A

undulant fever; world’s most common zoonosis, Middle East is an endemic region

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26
Q

Brucella

A

small, aerobic, gram negative coccoid-rod shaped bacterium

27
Q

3 common species of brucella

A

abortus (cattle), suis (swine), melitensis (goats and sheep-most common and dangerous human pathogen)

28
Q

brucellosis is highly …

A

infectious, dangerous to handle, easily aerolized and highly transmissible

29
Q

brucellosis transmission

A
  • eating undercooked meat or consuming unpasteurized/raw dairy products (infected animals have infected dairy)
  • breathing in the bacteria (inhalation), greater risk for people who work in laboratories with brucellosis.
  • bacteria enters body through skin wounds or mucous membranes (when come into contact with infected animal
30
Q

incubation period of brucellosis

A

1-3 weeks, duration can be quite long (weeks-months)

31
Q

symptoms of brucellosis

A

fever (rising and falling, thus undulant), malaise, night sweats, muscle aches

32
Q

treatment for brucellosis

A

combination antibiotic therapy for several weeks; doxycyclin and rifampin for 6-8 weeks

33
Q

malaria

A

a parasitic disease, affects 108 countries of tropical/semitropical world, central african bearing 98% of malarian deaths, about 1 million deaths per year

34
Q

malaria prevention

A

mosquito control and mosquito netting

35
Q

malaria prophylaxis/treatment

A

chloroquine, malarone for chlorine resistant

36
Q

plague

A

bubonic plague, disease of rodents, transmitted by bite of flea; man is accidental host of plague

37
Q

lung involvement leads to…

A

highly transmissible and virulent form; mortality of pneumonic plague is nearly 100%

38
Q

chain of events of transmission of plague

A

flea feeds on infected rodent, flea becomes occluded; upon next feeding, flea regurgitates stomach contents including Y. pestis into bite of new host; organism travels through lymphatic system, capsule prevents phagocytosis, enters blood stream, lungs, etc.

39
Q

etiologic agent of plague

A

Yersinia pestis, gram neg facultative bacterium, member of Enterobacteriaceae

40
Q

buboes

A

swollen lymph nodes, usually in groin or under arms, extremely painful; skin becomes dark and black due to hemorrhaging

41
Q

which antibiotics are effective on plague

A

streptomycin and tetracylcine

42
Q

Lyme disease progression and lack of rash preceding symptoms suggested

A

tick-bourne disease

43
Q

etiologic agent of lyme disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi-spirochete

44
Q

___ ____ are most important reservoir for disease, ___ also for maintaining the disease, though less likely to harbor the ticks most likely to carry disease

A

field mice, deer

45
Q

human pick up ____

A

ticks usually nymphs, immature ticks; go unnoticed usually bc of size

46
Q

symptoms of lyme disease

A

first=rash at bite site; red area that clears at center as it expands to final diameter of about 15 cm; flu-like symptoms in 2-3 weeks as rash fades, antibiotics taken at this stage are very effective

47
Q

if not treated, lyme disease enters second stage

A

heart involvement, irregular heart beat, chronic neurological symptoms, incapacitation, facial paralysis, meningitis, encephalitis

48
Q

in third phase of lyme disease

A

months or years after infection, arthritis in some patients, similar long term effects as syphilis (another spirochete)

49
Q

malaria symptoms

A

fever, shaking chills, flu-like symptoms and anemia

50
Q

malaria caused by

A

parasite Plasmodium, results from the bite of infected Anopheles mosquito

51
Q

4 major forms of malaria

A

P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. falciparum

52
Q

P. vivax

A

benign malaria, widely distributed due to fact that it can develop at lower temps in mosquito- most prevalent form of disease

53
Q

P. ovale and P. malariae

A

relatively benign, restricted geographically

54
Q

P. falciparum

A

most dangerous form, malignant malaria, left untreated= mortality 50%, children most susceptible to death, high degree of RBC lysis, thus anemia is significant

55
Q

parasites of malaria multiply inside

A

RBCs, lyse within 48 to 72 hours, infecting more RBCs.

56
Q

first symptoms of malaria

A

occur 10 days to 4 weeks after infection, though they can appear as early as 8 days or as long as a year after infection. then symptoms occur in cycles of 48-72 hours

57
Q

mosquito carries

A

sporozoite form in saliva; within 30 minutes enters liver, sporozoites in liver undergo schyzogony (multiple asexual fissions) release about 30,000 merozoites into blood stream; merozoites infect RBCs, schyzogonize in blood cells, RBCs lyse and release new merozoites

58
Q

___ released with merozoites

A

toxic compounds, causing paroxysms (recurring intensification of symptoms) chills and fever that characterize malaria

59
Q

fever with malaria reaches

A

40 degrees C

60
Q

people especially at risk for sepsis in hospitals because

A

organism has opportunity to easily reach patient’s blood stream, compromised host, organisms are well adapted to hospital environment ie; antibiotic resistant

61
Q

bubonic plague cannot be transmitted by

A

humans, only by fleas

62
Q

Pneumonic plague can be transmitted by humans becasue

A

this is the secondary stage, infection has reached lungs and aerosols are now in play

63
Q

the flea acts as a _____ for plague

A

vector

64
Q

lyme disease rash is different from ringworm rash

A

it’s smooth

microbiology (10 decks)

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